MANUAL Cebotari D English PDF

Ministerul Afacerilor Interne
al Republicii Moldova
Academia „Ştefan cel Mare”
Centrul Comunicare Profesională

şi Limbi Moderne
Viorica CORCEAC
Diana CEBOTARI
English in use for Law-

Enforcement
A Practical Course
Chişinău – 2014
2
English in use for Law-Enforcement Viorica Corceac, Diana Cebotari
Viorica Corceac, Diana Cebotari
A Practical Course
Foreword
The role of English as a legal language within the E.U. is now a
significant social phenomenon. It is most frequently used in modern
policing and law-enforcement area. The language of such sciences
follows definite patterns.
This book presents and teaches the key features of legal Eng-
lish, developing awareness of different types of law-enforcement lan-
guage discourse. Its aim is to develop reading, writing and commu-
nicative skills based on the target language.
The course topics try to meet the demands in materials spe- 3
cially designed for the students of Law and Law-Enforcement as well
as for Border Guard students, other specialists and practitioners in-
terested in this domain. It can be used for classroom activities as well
as individual or distance learning, and covers three units on different
subjects prepared on the basis of legal terminology, texts which are
accompanied by specially designed tasks and activities. Most of these
follow a similar format, and can be studied in any order. The activi-
ties are contextualized with few exceptions. Many of them make use
of picture clues several are controlled, they have a limited number of
possible answers. Others are open-ended they offer freer communica-
tive practice, where the student is guided towards expressing other
field knowledge, opinions, wishes, preferences, within the frame work
of a specific legal language item. The student relates to and draws on
his personal situation, own background and experience. The tasks
are cross-referenced to the corresponding sections where suggestions
are made or examples of possible answers are given.
The book units provide practice and revision material on the
important points of usage and lexis.
For sure, the practical course “English in use for Law-Enforce-
ment” will help you to be more confident in using your professional
English.
The Authors
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit I – LAW AND ORDER
1. The Law................................................................................
Info Box: Odd laws around the world………….......................
2. Law Enforcement in Moldova……………….......................
Info Box: Information on identification (ID)..............................
3. The Police...........................................................
Info Box: Text A: Police dogs. / Text B: Police Helicopters…
4. The Police Officer………………………
Info Box: Personal safety tips……………
5. Traffic Policing………………………
Info Box: Alcohol – a major cause of traffic accidents………
Unit II – CRIME CONCERNS

1. Crimes………………
Info Box: News in brief……………
2. Types of crimes………………………
4 Info Box: Cyber Crime……………………
3. Offences against persons………………………
Info Box: Descriptions in police work……………
English in use for Law-Enforcement
4. Offences against property………………….

Info Box: Dealing with an emergency………………
5. Corruption and Bribery……………………………….
Info Box: Politicians on crime………………………………….
6. Law Breakers………………………………………...
Info Box: Domestic abuse………………………
Unit III – COURT AND TRIAL
A Practical Course
1. The Court System in the United Kingdom……
Info Box: What are “Miranda Warnings”? ..............................
2. Participants in a Trial……………………………..
Info Box: Do’s and don’ts for jurors (Part I)……
3. What happens during the trial………………………...
Info Box: Do’s and don’ts for jurors (Part II)… ………..
4. Types of Punishment…………...
Info Box: Capital Punishment…………………….
5
Unit I. Law and order

1. The law
LEAD IN
• Why do we have rules and laws?
• What would happen to the society without laws?
• Is the ignorance of law an excuse? Why (not)?
• Why do people break them? Have you ever broken any rules?
• What do you know about the origin of laws?
VOCABULARY NOTES
1. Read, translate and memorize.
 normative, adj. – relating to,  to behave, vb. – to act or func-
or deriving from a standard or tion in a specified or usual way;
norm, especially of behavior;  regulation, n. – a principle,
6  act, n. – a written law passed rule, or law designed to control
by Parliament, Congress, etc.; or govern conduct;
 legislative body, n. – persons  to impose upon/on phr. vb –
who make, amend or repeal laws; to establish as something to be

 descriptive, adj. – involving obeyed or complied with; en-
or characterized by description; force;
serving to describe;  to enforce, vb. – to compel ob-
 prescriptive, adj. – making or servance of or obedience to; to
giving directions, rules, or in- impose a kind of behavior;
junctions;  codified, adj. – arranged ac-
 phenomenon, n. – a fact, oc- cording to a plan or system; en-
currence, or observed circum- acted by a legislative body;
stance;  to punish, vb. – to force sb. to
undergo a penalty or sanction, fulfill the command, order, or
A Practical Course
such as imprisonment, fines, instruction of;
death, etc., for some crime or  penalty, n. – a punishment es-
misdemeanor; tablished by law or authority for
 to reward, vb. – something a crime or offense;
given or received in return for a  anarchy, n. – absence of any
deed or service rendered; form of political authority; po-
 to carry out, phr. vb. – to put litical disorder and confusion;
into practice or effect; to follow  to rule, vb. – to be in total con-
or obey; trol or command; exercise su-
 compulsion, n. – the action or preme authority;
state of forcing or being forced  to prosecute, vb. – to seek to
to do something; constraint; obtain or enforce by legal action. 7
 to obey, vb. – to carry out or
2. Work with your vocabulary notes or dictionary. Give syno-

nyms to the following words.
to obey to rule penalty compulsion to enforce to behave

to punish to conduct
READING
The Law
Generally speaking, by law we understand any normative act
issued by a legislative body of a state. There are more types of laws.
Some laws are descriptive – they simply describe how people, or
even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example of descrip-
tive law is rather consistent law of gravity or the less consistent laws
of economics.
Other laws are prescriptive – they prescribe how people
should or must behave. An example of prescriptive law is traffic
regulations. When we speak of the law of a state we use the term
“law” in a special and strict sense and in that sense law may be
defined as “a rule of human conduct, imposed upon and enforced
among, the members of a given state”.
In any society, laws have several characteristics. First, laws
symbolize norms, values, traditions. Second, laws must be codified
in some way, usually through writing. Third, there must be a meth-
od of enforcement. This can include police, social pressure, or some
other force that enable society to punish or reward its members.
And finally, there must be something specific to be enforced: laws
are not general, but specific.
The main characteristic of law is that it is enforced, and
such enforcement is usually carried out by the State. If the rules
or laws are broken, compulsion is used to enforce obedience. Thus
if A steals a watch from B, A may be prosecuted before the court.
The court may then order the restitution of the watch to its right-
ful owner, B. If A refuses to obey, he or she may be punished, that
means a penalty will be imposed on A. This is why we need law.
Just imagine if we all behaved according to our personal stand-
ards of behavior and morality, then anarchy would rule the world.
COMPREHENSION
I. Answer the questions.
1. What does the term “law” generally mean?
2. What is the difference between descriptive laws and prescriptive
laws? Give some examples.
3. How is the law of the state defined?
8
4. What do laws symbolize?
5. What can be used as methods of enforcement?
6. Why do methods of enforcement exist?

7. What is the main characteristic of law?
8. Explain the notion “compulsion”. Give examples.
II. Complete the sentences using the text.

1) Descriptive laws usually describe __________. 2) Prescrip-
tive laws prescribe __________. 3) The law of a state may be
___________ as “the rule of human ___________, imposed
___________ and ___________ among the ___________ of a giv-
en state”. 4) Laws have several ___________: first, they symbolize
___________; second, they must be ___________ through writing;
A Practical Course
third, there must exist methods of ___________ that enable society
to ___________ or ___________ its members. 5) Such enforce-
ment is usually ___________ by the State. 6) If the laws are broken
___________ is used. 7) Two ideas ___________ the concept of
law: ___________ and ___________.
III. a) Write definitions of your own to the following

words.
• society • order
• obedience • anarchy
b) Compare your definitions with those given in a diction- 9

ary and decide if you were right or not. Whose definition is most
precise?
IV. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Legile şi tradiţiile societăţii determină comportamentul
oamenilor. 2) Tradiţiile sunt elemente de cultură transmise din
generaţie în generaţie. 3) O persoană este pedepsită atunci când
încalcă legea. 4) Dacă noi toţi ne-am comporta în conformitate
cu standardele noastre personale de comportament şi moralitate,
atunci anarhia ar conduce lumea. 5) Legile trebuie să fie cunoscute
de toată lumea. 6) Metoda de aplicare a legii poate include poliţia,
presiunea socială, sau o altă forţă care permite societăţii de a pede-
psi sau recompensa membrii săi.
V. Complete the text using the words from the box below
and translate it into Romanian.
Law, morality and custom
Respect immoral governments legal actions break the rules
societies behave penalty moral choice prescriptive laws
instructions informal rules experience
In all __________ relations between people are regulated

by__________. Some of them are customs – that is, _________
of social and moral behavior. Customs need not to be made
by________, and they need not to be written down. We learn
how we are expected to _____ in society through the _________
of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our own ______
in communication with other people. Thus moral rules and ethics
remind us that it is _______ to covet, to tell lies, or to defame
the dead. Sometimes we can break these rules without suffering
any_________. But if we continually________, or break a very
important one, we may lose our friends or their _______. The law,
however, is not concerned with these matters and leaves them to
the individual’s ________ and the pressure of public opinion results
no______.
WRITING
1. What did you learn? Fill the word web below with as
many words related to LAW as you can think of.
LAW
10
2. Write your opinion on one of the following statements.

• Written laws are like spider’s webs; they will catch it is true,
the weak and the poor, but would be torn in pieces by the rich and
powerful.
• The study of law is useful in a variety of points of view. It
qualifies a man to be useful to the public.
• The more laws, the less justice.
• Nobody has a more sacred obligation to obey the law than
those who make the law.
• Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly,
while bad people will find a way around the laws.
INFO BOX
A Practical Course
ODD LAWS AROUND THE WORLD
There are many laws around the world which may easily
provoke blank stares, disgust and – most of all – laughter. Many
of these appear to be written as silly jokes, but
it seems that most of them made it to actual
legal books and even produced serious legal ef-
fects. What makes these laws so different from
all the others is either their hilarious hypoth-
esis, or the way justice is made in certain situa-
tions. For example:
її In Arkansas, schoolteachers who bob
their hair are not eligible for a raise. 11
її In Los Angeles, a man can legally beat his wife with a leath-
er belt or strap, but the belt can’t be wider than 2 inches, unless
he has his wife’s consent to beat her with a wider strap. Consent
should be given prior to the event, as is carefully stipulated.
її In Oklahoma, you can be arrested for making ugly faces at
a dog.
її In California it is illegal to set a mouse trap without a hunt-
ing license.
її In Massachusetts, it is illegal to go to bed without first hav-
ing a bath.
її In England, it is illegal to die in the Houses of Parliament.
її You are not allowed to jump off a building. The penalty is
death (New York).
її In Miami, Florida, imitating animals is illegal.
її In Texas, if you are going to commit a crime, you legally
have to give 24 hours notice to the police.
її It is illegal for a lady to eat chocolates on a bus or on the
underground (United Kingdom).
її In France, it’s illegal to name a pig Napoleon.
її In Afghanistan the Taliban banned women from wearing
white socks, for fear men might find them attractive.
її In Bangladesh you face prison time for cheating at school.
її In Denmark it is not against the law to escape from prison.

її In Michigan, a woman isn’t allowed to cut her hair without
her husband’s permission.
її If a person finds a lost child they can claim the child as their
own if a parent does not turn up within 2 hours (Denmark).
її You are not permitted to wear cowboy boots if you don´t
own at least two cows (California).
її It is considered an offense if a woman appears in public, un-
less accompanied by a male relative or guardian (Saudi Arabia).
її It is illegal for men to go top-less in the center of town (New
York).
її Selling gum is prohibited (Singapore).
її If you are convicted of littering three times, you will have to
clean the streets on Sundays with a bib on saying,” I am a litter-
er.” This will then be broadcasted on the local news (Singapore).
DISCUSSION
• What is the purpose of each law mentioned above?
• Which one is the most ridiculous in your opinion? Explain.
• Are these laws difficult or easy to be respected? Why?
• If someone doesn’t know there is a law against something he
12 does, is it still a reason for punishment?
• How would a world without laws be? Give some examples of
situations to support your ideas.
2. Law enforcement in moldova
A Practical Course
LEAD IN
• What do you understand by the term “law enforcement”?
• What purpose does law enforcement serve? Give reasons
why it is essential in maintaining social control.
• How can you characterize our law enforcement system?
VOCABULARY NOTES
Verbs and nouns that collocate* with law: 13
*collocate - to occur frequent- fend something, especially laws

ly in conjunction with another or principles, in the face of hos-
word. tility;
 to observe the law - to obey  to enforce the law - make peo-
rules, laws, etc.; ple obey something: to compel
 to obey the law - do as told: to obedience to a law, regulation,
follow instructions or behave in or command;
accordance with a law, rule, or  to pass a law - approve meas-
order; ure or be approved: to approve
 to break the law - to disobey a something such as a law, meas-
rule or law; ure, or proposal, or get official
 to introduce a law - to bring approval;
something to a place, into exist-  the law forbids/prohibits –
ence, or into operation for the the law does not allow; to state
first time; authoritatively that something
 to respect the law - not go must not be done;
against or violate something;  the rules/the law permit(s)/
 to act within the law - do allow(s) – allow something: to
something according to law; allow something or give per-
 to uphold the law - maintain mission for it;
or support: to maintain or de-  the rules/regulations apply to
– the rules are for;  to comply with the regula-
 to follow the rules – to do tions – do what the rules say; to
what the rules say; obey or conform to something
 the rules/the regulations re- such as a rule, law, regulation,
quire/ stipulate – the rules say or wish;
that; demand something by  to bend the rules/ the law – to
law: to demand something by a break the rules in a way that is
law or regulation; not considered important.

to bend to forbid to respect to allow to require

to introduce to follow to break to act to uphold
READING
Law Enforcement in Moldova
In Moldova laws are enforced by different legal agencies. A
variety of police structures are responsible for different laws and
regulations.
Moldova’s Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) is one of the
country’s 16 government ministries. It is Moldova’s central execu-
14
tive authority for law enforcement and crime prevention. The MIA
comprises three essential branches:
• Central Division;
• Sub-ordinate Divisions;
• Regional Police Units.
Police is a specialized public
institution of the State, under the
Ministry of Internal Affairs, whose
mission is to defend fundamental
human rights and freedoms by its activities of maintaining, as-
suring and restoring the public order and security; and by pre-
venting, investigating and discovering crimes and misdemeanors.
Police activity is conducted exclusively on law enforcement
A Practical Course
in the interest of citizen and community, and as support of state in-
stitutions in order to protect the rights, the fundamental freedoms
and human dignity provided in the Universal Declaration of Hu-
man Rights.
The Interpol National Central Bureau (NCB) for Moldova
is part of the MIA’s Police Division. Its activities include the recep-
tion, processing, maintenance and sharing of information on in-
ternational fugitives, stolen motor vehicles, stolen works of art and
antiques, arms and explosives. The Police Division works active-
ly with the Interpol community in fighting serious transnational
crime, trafficking in human beings, illegal migration, drug traffick-
ing, terrorism, money laundering, currency-related crime, counter- 15
feiting of documents. In order to raise awareness of Interpol police
services, the NCB plans to develop training programmes which will
be delivered to all national police units; to expand access to Inter-
pol databases to all national law enforcement officers. This will help
secure the Moldovan territory, enable border police to determine if
travelers are potential threats, and provide first-class police services
to domestic colleagues. The Police do not apply, do not encourage
or tolerate torture, inhuman or degrading treatment.
COMPREHENSION
1. What are the Ministry of Internal Affairs essential branches?
2. What are the police missions and activities?
3. Decipher the abbreviation NCB.
4. What are the activities of NCB?
5. What are the Police division and Interpol community fighting
against?
6. List the NCB plans for the national police units.
7. What should not the police apply or encourage?
II. Complete the following sentences according to the text.

1) Moldova’s Ministry of Internal Affairs is one of the
___________ 16 government __________. 2) The Police do
not apply _________ inhuman or degrading _________. 3) Po-
lice _________ is to defend fundamental _________ rights and
freedoms. 4) Police activity is conducted exclusively on _______
_________. 5) Police act in the interest of _________ and
_________. 6) The NCB’s activities include the _________, pro-
cessing, _________ and sharing of _________. 7) The NCB plans
_________ training programmes which will be _________ to all
national _________ units.
III. a) Write definitions of your own to the following

words.
• law enforcement • freedoms
• law • human rights
b) Compare your definitions with those given in a dic-

tionary and decide if you were right or not. Whose definition
is the most precise?

1) Noua lege interzice consumul de alcool în locurile pub-
lice. 2) Am putea face o excepţie, să ne abatem de la regulament şi
să-i permitem Mariei să susţină examenul altă dată. 3) Activitatea
16
Poliţiei se desfăşoară exclusiv în baza şi pentru executarea legii, în
interesul persoanei, al comunităţii şi în sprijinul instituţiilor statu-
lui. 4) Un avocat acţionează întotdeauna în cadrul legii. 5) Poliţia

nu aplică, nu încurajează şi nu tolerează tortura, tratamentul inu-
man sau degradant. 6) Poliţia este o instituţie publică specializată
a statului, în subordinea Ministerului Afacerilor Interne. 7) Poliţia
are misiunea de a apăra drepturile şi libertăţile fundamentale ale
persoanei prin activităţi de menţinere, asigurare şi restabilire a or-
dinii şi securităţii publice.
V. Fill in the gaps using the vocabulary notes. Use each

verb once only and put it in the correct form.
1) In law-abiding societies, ordinary citizens are usually hap-
py to _________ or _________ the law. But there are also rather
A Practical Course
different societies where most people feel that it is not such a serious
matter to _________ the law. In such places, people do not seem to
_________ the law and even the most honest of citizens does not
expect always to _________ within it. The rulers of such societies
have no difficulty in _________ or _________ new laws but the
police have considerable problems when it comes to _________ or
_________ those laws. 2) The new law _________ smoking in all
public places. 3) The rules _________ members to bring guests into
the club only at weekends. 4) These rules/regulations _________
all students, not just new ones. 5) If we _________ the rules, at
least 20 people must be present at the meeting. 6) The regulations
_________ that all students must register for the course. 7) We 17
have to _________ with the regulations concerning the testing of
equipment. 8) I hope we can _________ the rules and let her take
the exam on another day.
VI. Strange laws around the world. Select the correct

words in each statement. Two answers are required.
1. In London it is _________to drive a car while not sitting
in the front seat.
a) allowed b) illegal
c) legal d) against the law
2. Dueling is _________ in Paraguay as long as both parties are
blood donors.
a) permitted b) prohibited
c) legal d) illegal
3. Every citizen in Kentucky is _________ to take a bath once a
year.
a) required b) prohibited
c) legal d) legally bound
4. In Massachusetts, snoring is _________ unless all the bedroom
windows are closed and securely locked.
a) prohibited b) required
c) forbidden d) allowed
VII. Match the sentence parts in A with their completions in B.
A B
1. She took the law within the law. a

2. He is often into her own hands. b
Many ministers seem to
3. obey the law. c
regard themselves
4. A barrister always acts in trouble with the law. d
5. The police make people as above the law. e
the breakdown of law and
6. Don’t do that. It is f
order in the country.
7. We are concerned about against the law. g
8. The rules apply with the regulations. h
to all students in the col-
9. The rules prohibit i
lege.
the rules to allow Andrew
10. The rules allow students to submit her coursework j
a little later.
18 to book college guest-
11. The regulations stipulate k
rooms at weekends.
the use of the mobile
12. Most students follow l

phones in class.
that coursework must be
13. The authorities bent m
handed in on time.
the rules without too
14. All students must comply n
many complaints.
WRITING
A Practical Course
1. What did you learn? Fill the word web below with as many
words related to LAW ENFORCEMENT as you can think of.
LAW
ENFORCEMENT

• The trouble with the laws these days is that criminals know their 19
rights better than their wrongs.
• To live outside the law, you must be honest.
• When people accept breaking the law as normal, something hap-
pens to the whole society.
• Law enforcement officers are never “off duty”. They are dedicated
public servants who are sworn to protect public safety at any time
and place that the peace is threatened. They need all the help that
they can get.
INFO BOX
INFORMATION ON IDENTIFICATION (ID)
ID is different in every country
It is important to keep in mind that every country requires
different documentation that proves someone’s identification
(ID). In many countries such as Greece and Spain a national ID
card is compulsory. Citizens are expected to have these cards on
them at all times. However, in other countries ID cards are not
required. Police and officials in these countries often use another
system to identify people, such as asking for two pieces of ID.
Types of ID
Passport, Government-issued Photo ID card, Driving licence/
Driver’s license, Birth certificate, Permanent residence card,
Social security card, Medical/Health card, Voter registration
card, etc.
Information/security items that may appear on documentation
a series of thick and thin black lines that holds
Bar code
computerized information
date when the ID holder was born:
day/month/year: 23/05/2001(23rd May 2001)
20 Date of birth (DOB) month/day/year: 05/23/2001 (23rd May 2001)
year/monthw/day: 2001/05/23 (23rd May
2001)
Date of Issue date when documentation was created

Eye colour blue, brown, green, black, grey
markings of a person’s thumb or
Fingerprint
finger tip
how tall a person is in centimeters or feet and
Height
inches
a laser photograph which makes a picture or
Hologram
image look life-like
A Practical Course
a long black stripe found on the back of a card
Magnetic stripe that can be swiped into a computer for infor-
mation
Maiden name a woman’s surname before marriage
single, married, divorced (no longer married),
Marital status separated, common law wife, common law
husband
citizenship (native citizen, immigrant, landed
National status
immigrant, permanent resident, refugee)
Photograph recent picture of ID holder
Place of birth city, country where ID holder was born
current job (policeman, doctor, teacher, re- 21
Profession
tired)
Serial number or PIN
number that can be entered into government
(Personal Identifica-
systems to find information about a person
tion Number)
Sex M (male), F (female)
Signature hand-written name of ID holder
Valid until/expiry
the last date when an ID document can be used
date
Asking for Identification (ID) and Information

• May I see your passport please?
• Can I have your driver’s license and car registration (if
pulling someone over)?
• Are you here on holiday? How long have you been here?
• Do you have another form of identification?
• Can I see some form of photo identification
READING EXERCISE
Identity Fraud
Complete the blank spaces with the missing words.
Today, ___________ is a major concern for police around
the world. Many young people use ___________ ID to access adult
venues, such as concerts and nightclubs. As police find new ways to
___________ fake ID (e.g. searching the Internet for ___________
companies), new technology is created to help make fraudulent ID
look __________ ID cards with security measures, such as magnet-
ic strips and barcodes, help to prevent people from ___________
fake ID. However, an even greater problem for police is the con-
cern of ___________. Some thieves make a profession out of steal-
ing wallets, purses, or personal mail in order to sell new identi-
ties to criminals or ___________. There is great ___________
over whether or not all countries should opt for national ID cards.
Some people do not think that the police should have access to such
personal information, while others think it would help to prevent
crime and illegal immigration.
1. ID fraud – lying about one’s identity
2. counterfeit – fake, not real
3. illegal immigrants – people who do not have government per-
mission to live or work in a country
22
4. crack down on – to put a real stop to
5. authentic – real, true
6. identity theft – stealing someone else’s identity for personal

use (or sale)
7. underground – not publicly known, usually illegal
8. getting away with – not getting caught by police or the au-
thorities
9. controversy – disagreement surrounding an issue
Formal Language
Here are some formal written expressions and their spoken Eng-
lish meanings.
Written Spoken
A Practical Course
Date of birth When were you born?
Country of origin Where do you come from?
Marital status Are you single or married?
Date of arrival When did you arrive?
When are you leaving? (or when did
Date of departure
you leave?)
A. How many of these documents do you have?

− a passport - a degree certificate
− a driving licence (from a university)
− a birth certificate - an exam certificate for an 23
− a marriage certificate English exam, e.g. Cam-
− an identity card bridge, Oxford
− a TV licence
B. Complete these sentences with a suitable paraphrase.

1. What’s your date of birth? In other words, when where you
born?
2. What’s your country of origin? ...............................................?
3. What’s your marital status? ………......………………………?
4. What was your date of arrival?.……..………...………………?
5. When’s your date of departure?...……….....…………………?
C. Write down at least two words which can be used before

these nouns.
1. ____________ 3. ____________
____________ card ____________ licence
2. ____________ 4. ____________
____________ certificate ____________ form
3. The police
LEAD IN
• Have you ever called the Police for help? What happened?
• Do you think Police work is dangerous or unpleasant? Give
examples.
• What do you think of our Police Force? Support ideas with
examples.
• Do you feel safe in your city? Why or why not? What would
make you feel safer?
VOCABULARY NOTES
to prevent crime, vb. – keep proval or raising objections;
(something) from happening;  to maintain, vb. – keep (some-
stop (someone) from doing thing) at the same level or rate;
something;  to apprehend, vb. – to take
 to commit a crime, phr. vb. into custody; arrest;
– to break the law or do some-  perpetrator, n. – a person who
thing wrong/illegal/ against the is responsible for; or committed
law; a crime;
24  to investigate, vb. – to try to  to be employed, phr. vb. – to
find out what happened/who is deal with;
to provide, vb. – make availa-
responsible for sth; 

 to arrest, vb. – to take some- ble for use; supply;
one to the police station;  gathering, n. – an assembly of
 to question, vb. – to ask some- persons; a meeting;
one questions to find out what  emergency, n. – a serious sit-
they know about sth; uation that happens unexpect-
 to charge sb. with crime, phr. edly and demands immediate
vb. – to put the blame for; at- action;
tribute or impute;  to rescue, vb. – to set free, as
 to discourage, vb. – to try to from danger or imprisonment;
prevent by expressing disap- save;
 prompt, adj. – on time; punc- uation;
A Practical Course
tual; carried out or performed  offender, vb. – one who of-
without delay; fends, especially one that breaks
 to uphold, vb. – maintain (a a public law;
custom or practice);  bullying, n. – a person who
 police constable, n. – a police uses strength or influence to
officer of the lowest rank; harm or intimidate those who
 to detain, vb. – keep (some- are weaker;
one) in official custody, typical-  marksman, vb. – a person
ly for questioning about a crime skilled in shooting: a police
or in a politically sensitive sit- marksman.
2. Use the new words and word combinations in sen-
tences of your own. 25
E.g. The police arrested him for possession of marijuana.
READING
Working in pairs or small groups, read the text below
and decide the title for each paragraph.
• Police officers • Firearms
• Police Role • Police responsibilities/powers
• Police forces • Police emergency number
The Police
a) ______________________________________
The Police have three main responsibilities: to prevent
crime, stop criminals and protect the people. When someone
commits a crime the police must investigate it. If they find the
person responsible for the crime they arrest him/her. At the po-
lice station, they question them and if they are sure the person
committed the crime, the person is charged with the crime. The
person must then go to court for trial.
b) ______________________________________
The role of the police is to discourage and investigate
crimes against persons or property, to maintain the public order,
and if able to apprehend suspected perpetrators, to detain them,
and inform the appropriate authorities. Police are often employed
as an emergency service. They may provide a public safety func-
tion at large gatherings, as well as in emergencies, disasters, search
and rescue situations, in order to provide a prompt response in
emergencies, the police often co-ordinate their operations with
fire and emergency medical services.
c) ______________________________________
Police forces uphold law and order. Each regional police
force is made up of several divisions and in each division there
are police stations. The head of each regional police is a Chief
Constable. Many people work at the police station at reception,
in the office, etc. A police department’s goals are to prevent crime,
investigate crime and detain offenders, control traffic, maintain
order, and deal with emergencies and disasters.
d) ______________________________________
Most police officers are Police Constables. They meet the
public every day, sometimes at the police station, in the street and
at a person’s home. Some police officers visit schools and colleges
to talk about their work and teach about personal safety, drugs,
bullying and many other issues.
e) ______________________________________
Police officers do not normally carry guns or other firearms.
The only officers who are allowed to use firearms have to do special
26 training and are only given guns when absolutely necessary. A police
officer who is trained to use firearms is called a police marksman.
f) ______________________________________
If you have a problem and need help from the police you
can call 902 but this number is only for emergencies. You can look
in your telephone directory for the number of the nearest police
station. Use that telephone number if you need to speak to some-
one and it is not an emergency.
COMPREHENSION
1. Who investigates crimes?
2. Which are the police powers?
3. What is the major role of the police?
A Practical Course
4. What are the main goals of a police department?
5. What is the role of the police as an emergency service?
6. Who do often the police co-ordinate their operations with?
7. What is a regional police force made up of?
8. What do the police constables do?
9. Who is allowed to carry firearms?
10. What do you do when you have a problem?
II. Fill in the gaps with suitable words.

1) When someone commits a crime the ______ must
______ it. 2) Police are often ______ as an ______ service. 3) At
the police ______, they ______ them and if they are sure the per-
27
son ______ the crime, the person is charged with the crime. 4)
The police often ______ their operations with ______ and emer-
gency medical services. 5) They may ______ a public ______ func-
tion at large ______. 6) I have never ______ the law and ________
a crime. 7) In Britain it is ______ the law to drive a car without in-
surance. 8) If you break the law, you will be taken to the ________.
9) Thanks God the police __________ me from that offender. 10)
In order to catch the ________ the police must listen carefully to
people’s evidence. 11) He has been in trouble with the ________.
12) If the person is ______ with the crime the person then must go
to court for trial.
III. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Poliţia îl va interoga pe suspect mâine dimineaţă. 2) El
este bănuit de poliţie. 3) Poliţia a arestat persoana care se face
vinovată de crimă. 4) Poliţia a decis să-l interogheze pe martor
la sectorul de poliţie. 5) Obiectivele unui departament de poliţie
sunt de a preveni şi de a investiga crimele. 6) Rolul poliţiei este
de a reţine infractorii suspecţi. 7) De obicei ofiţerii de poliţie nu
poartă pistol sau alte arme de foc.
IV. Put this story in the correct order.

1. They found both men guilty
2. and charged them with the robbery.
3. £10,000 was stolen from a bank in the High Street.
4. and they finally arrested two men.
5. They questioned them at the police station.
6. The police questioned a number of people about the crime
V. Read this short story, then write down your response

to the questions below, based on your knowledge of the law in
your own country.
Two fifteen-year-old boys broke into a house in the middle of the
day when the owner was out, and took money and jewelry worth
about 2000 lei. The owner reported the crime to the police when she
returned home at 6 p.m.
1. What did the two fifteen-year-old boys do?
2. Will the police investigate this crime?
3. How will they investigate? What will they do?
4. Do you think the police will catch the two boys?
5. If they do, what crime will they be charged with?
6. Can the boys be sent to prison?
7. What do you think the sentence would be? Do you think this
is the correct sentence?
WRITING
• If you could change or write a law that had to be implemented
28
across the world, what would it be and why? Do you think it would
make life better?
• Liberty is the right to do what the law permits.
2. What did you learn? Complete the following diagram.
The Police
INFO BOX
A Practical Course
TEXT A: POLICE DOGS TEXT B: POLICE HELICOPTERS
Police dogs lead busy lives looking Twelve minutes searching from
for missing people, searching for the air is equal to 400 officer hours
property at crime scenes, helping searching on foot.
to track criminals from the scenes The air support unit therefore
of crimes and helping to control has a vital role in dealing with 29
sports fixtures or demonstrations incidents, for example pursuits,
where there may be public order recovering stolen vehicles and
problems. searching for missing people.
Police dogs are handpicked by the The police helicopter also gives the
police dog handlers to deal with police a bird’s eye view of those
high-pressure situations. The po- areas where ground patrols can-
lice dog handlers also help to teach not easily go and it allows Police
dogs to work in highly specialized Officers access to dangerous areas
areas. such as cliffs. The police helicopter
Now dogs can detect explosives, also provides lighting, a public ad-
drugs and guns. They even can de- dress system and an air ambulance
tect dead bodies. They are known as facility.
“human remains detection dogs”. As technology develops, so the use
The dogs also do very risky jobs for of the police helicopter grows. The
the force firearms teams, like de- helicopter now has video, a camera,
tecting people suspected of carry- day/night vision binoculars and
ing guns and this vital work really hand held thermal imaging equip-
does make them a police officer’s ment. This new technology can
“best friend”. help police officers to literally see in
the dark.
DISCUSSION
• Do you think Police Dogs/Police helicopters do an important
work? Why (not)?
• Would you like to work with dogs? What about helicopters?
4. The police officer

LEAD IN
• How should a police officer behave?
• What are the policemen/policewomen responsibilities?
• How can you characterize our police officers?
• Do you feel comfortable talking to police officers? Why
(not)?
VOCABULARY NOTES
 to patrol, vb. – to keep watch  to defend, vb. – to make or
over an area, especially by keep safe from danger, attack,
guards or police walking or or harm.
driving around at regular inter-  canister, n. – a metal contain-
vals; er that holds pressurized gas, as
 dog handler, n. – a person one containing tear gas that ex-
who works with trained dogs: plodes on impact;
“a police dog handler”;  to blind, vb. – to cause some-
 to carry, vb. – to support and one to lose clear vision; render
30
move (someone or something) unable to see;
from one place to another;  handcuffs, n. – a restraining
transport, conduct or transmit; device consisting of a pair of

 to give out, phr. vb. – to place strong, connected hoops that
in the hands of; to pass; to can be tightened and locked
transmit; about the wrists and used on
 to fine, vb. – to require a sum one or both arms of a prisoner
of money to be paid as a penal- in custody; a manacle;
ty for an offense;  to get backup, phr. vb. – to
 weapon, n. – an instrument of come into possession of; re-
attack or defense in combat, as ceive information back;
a gun, missile, or sword;  to deal with, phr. vb. – take
measures concerning (some- nightstick;
A Practical Course
one or something); cope with  to injure, vb. – to cause physi-
or control (a difficult person or cal or mental harm or suffering
situation); to; hurt or wound; to offend,
 truncheon, n. – a short stick esp. by an injustice.
carried by police; a billy club; a
2. Use the new words and word combinations in sen-

tences of your own.
E.g. A police patrol stopped the man and searched him.
READING
The Police Officer
A police officer (also known as a policeman/woman, police 31
agent, patrolman, cop, and constable in some forces, particularly in
the United Kingdom) is a warranted employee of a police force. In
the United States, “officer” is the formal name of the lowest police
rank. In many other countries, “officer” is a generic term not speci-
fying a particular rank, and the lowest rank is often “constable”.
A police officer’s job is to protect the public, make sure peo-
ple obey the law and make people feel safe. Not all police officers
wear a uniform and patrol. Some police officers have specialist jobs,
such as being a detective, a traffic officer or a dog handler. In some
countries, not all police carry guns, so a police officer could choose
to become an armed police officer after a lot of experience.
As a part of their job, police officers have rights that a normal
person does not have. This might include the powers to arrest a
person who they think has committed a crime, to search a person,
to stop cars and direct traffic, to ask for a person’s name and ad-
dress, to give out tickets or fines or to make a person come to court.
Without these powers the police would not be able to gain any sort
of control over society.
In different countries, police officers are given different
equipment to deal with the crime that is in their country. All po-
lice officers are armed with weapons that they can use to defend
themselves or other people that need help. Most police officers
carry these things: a gun or a baton/truncheon to injure or in
some cases kill criminals; if necessary a canister of CS gas or pep-
per spray, which blinds a person for a short amount of time; a set
of handcuffs, for restraining a person; a protection vest, to protect
a police officer from knives and guns; a flashlight, for lighting
dark places; a two-way radio (walkie-talkie), to call for help, give
information to other officers and to get backup.
Police officers have to patrol and respond to emergencies as
quickly as possible. Some police officers will walk on foot patrol,
but often police officers will patrol in a police car. This is so that
they can get to emergencies faster and carry more equipment.
Sometimes officers patrol on bicycles, motorbikes or on horses
because they have chosen to work in that unit.
Being a police officer can be dangerous. Police officers are
sometimes killed or hurt by criminals when they are sent to in-
cidents, so that is why the police have to carry the equipment
needed to defend them.
COMPREHENSION
1. What other names is a police officer called?
2. What is the police officer’s job?
3. Name the specialist jobs of a police officer.
32 4. What are the powers of a police officer?
5. What does the police officer’s equipment comprise?
6. How are the police officers patrolling?
7. How can you characterize a police officer’s job?
II. Complete the following sentences.

1) Police officers were ordered ______ __________ at
night. 2) In the United States __________ is the formal name
of the lowest __________ rank. 3) I looked out of the window
and saw about 12 police officers with at least half of them armed
and ______ __________ a and four police vehicles. 4) In differ-
ent countries ______ __________ are given different __________
to deal with the crime. 5) Many European lawyers refused
______ __________the accused. 6) Police officers are sometimes
A Practical Course
__________ or __________ by criminals when they are sent to
incidents. 7) The prisoner suddenly felt cold metal __________
slap on his wrists. 8) A police officer’s job is ____ __________ the
public and make sure people __________ the law. 9) Although
the explosion created extensive damage, nobody was __________
in the blast. 10) Some police officers have __________ jobs.
III. Find in the text and the vocabulary notes the English
equivalents for the following words and expressions.
• ofiţer de poliţie • a comite o crimă
• cătuşe • a dirija traficul
• raţie • a amenda 33
• baston • a cere ajutor
1) Ofiţerii de poliţie trebuie să patruleze şi să răspundă la
situaţiile de urgenţă cît mai repede posibil. 2) În unele ţări nu
toţi poliţiştii poartă arme, de aceea un ofiţer de poliţie poate să
poarte armă doar după ce posedă experienţa necesară. 3) În dif-
erite ţări există diferite uniforme pentru poliţişti. Unii poartă
cămaşă şi pantaloni de culoare albastru închis şi pălărie neagră,
alţii cămaşă, pantaloni şi pălărie de culoare verde sau cămaşă
albă, sacou şi pantaloni negri. 4) Un ofiţer de poliţie este un bun
ascultător, ascultă cu atenţie oamenii şi vorbeşte politicos cu ei.
5) Responsabilitatea unui poliţist este de a ajuta oamenii. El ar-
estează criminalii şi oamenii care distrug comunitatea sau fură.
V. Fill in the gaps in the following stories with appropriate

words and phrases from the boxes. Translate them into Romanian.
a. walkie – talkie plain clothes detective uniform policeman

police force rank join
Allan is now old enough and tall enough to __________

the ______ __________. At first, of course, he’ll be an ordinary
__________ of the lowest __________. He’ll wear a __________
and go out in the streets keeping in touch with the police sta-
tion with his __________. Then he’d like to be a __________ in
__________ investigating serious crimes.
b. theft sentence charge fine fingerprints oath arrest

evidence cell court magistrate handcuff witnesses
investigate detained pleaded found
A policeman was sent to __________ the disappearence of

some property from a hotel. When he arrived, he found that the
hotel staff had caught a boy in one of the rooms with a camera
and some cash. When the policeman tried to __________ the boy,
he became violent and the policeman had to __________ him. At
the police station the boy could not give a satisfactory explanation
for his actions and the police decided to __________ him with the
__________ of the camera and cash. They took his __________,
locked him in a __________, and __________ him overnight. The
next morning he appeared in __________ before the __________.
He took an __________ and __________ not guilty. Two
__________, the owner of the property and a member of the hotel
staff, gave __________. After both sides of the case had been heard
the boy was __________ guilty. He had to pay a __________ of
50€ and he was given a __________ of three months in prison sus-
34
pended for two years.
VI. a) Match the phrase on the left (1–5) with its meaning
on the right (a–e).
a. When a person has com-
1. Uphold the law fairly and firm- mitted a crime, look for that
ly. person, make sure he or she
is arrested and taken to court.
2. Protect, help and reassure the b. Help stop people commit-

community. ting crimes.
A Practical Course
c. Tell the police if you see
3. Be the public eyes and ears of
something that might be il-
the police.
legal.
4. Assist in the prevention of d. Protect, help and make
crime. sure people are OK.
e. Be fair and firm when you
5. Pursue and bring to justice
make sure people do what the
those who break the law.
law says.
b) Find a word above that means the same as the follow-

ing.
1. Help (verb) - ______________________ 35
2. Stop (noun) - ______________________
3. Look for, chase (verb) - ______________________
4. Something that happens (may be dangerous or violent) (noun) -
______________________
c) Match the sentences on the left (1–3) with the endings

on the right (a–c)
1. If you have integrity, you… a) …can make a sensible deci-
sion based on logic.
2. If you have common sense, b) …behave responsibly ac-
you… cording to moral principles.
3. If you have sound judg- c) …can look, consider and un-
ment, you… derstand the situation in order
to make a good decision.
WRITING
1. Use the letters in the word below to make new words.
Police Officer
2. Complete the table below using the information
learned.
What can the police officer What can you do for the
do for you? police?
•
3. Do a research on 5 most traditional, stressful and dan-

gerous jobs around the world. Follow the plan.
• Chose 5 jobs and find all the relevant information.
• Create a comparative table of all of them about the risks and the
main characteristics (such as salaries, incomes, equipments and ma-
terials they use, uniforms, issues, health, schedules etc.).
• Make a PowerPoint Presentation – including images, texts, infor-
mation about all of them.
• Which one of them is the most stressful and dangerous in your
opinion?
36
INFO BOX
A Practical Course
PERSONAL SAFETY TIPS
її Don’t leave keys in a place where a person standing outside

your home can see them.
її Don’t hide a spare key outside your homes or put a key on
a string attached to the letterbox. Burglars look for these keys.
її Don’t attach your name or your address to keys. If the keys
are lost or stolen, they could make a burglar’s job very easy.
її If you think someone is following you home or waiting near
your front door, go straight to a place where there are other peo-
ple who you can ask to help you. 37
її Cut hedges and trees around your home. Make it difficult
for someone to hide there.
її Don’t walk up to your house door looking for your keys in
your bag or pocket. Have your keys in your hand when you walk
towards your house, especially at night.
її Close all windows and doors whenever you leave your
home. Many people forget to close their windows, especially in
hot weather.
її Consider using a timer in your home. The timer can switch
on some lights and perhaps a radio while you are away.
її If you are going out at night, you should draw the curtains
and turn a light on so that it looks like someone is at home.
її If you are going away on holiday, try not to tell too many
people or to make your departure too obvious, for example by
packing cars in front of your house.
її If possible, get someone you trust to keep an eye on your
house while you are away. They might even be prepared to visit
your home to move letters away from your front door, open and
shut curtains etc.
її If you are in your home and think there is an intruder, call
the police – don’t go and investigate by yourself.
її If you come home and suspect an intruder has been inside,
don’t enter the property. Use a mobile phone or a neighbour’s
phone to call the police.

її Be a good neighbour. If you see anything suspicious, con-
tact the police.
її If you have an intercom system, spy hole, door chain or
outside lighting, make sure you use them. They help you to see
who the caller is.
її If a caller says that he or she works for a company or or-
ganisation, ask for ID. If you are not certain about the ID, phone
the organisation to check the caller that he or she really works for
that company. Use the telephone number written in the phone
book or on your utility bill, not the one on the ID card.
її Sometimes one caller tries to distract you while a friend robs
you, often by entering through a back door. Try and make sure
other doors into your house are locked when you answer the door.
її Don’t give your name or telephone number when you an-
swer the phone.
її If the person telephoning you is someone you don’t know,
don’t answer any questions about yourself, no matter how inno-
cent they sound.
її If you have an answer machine, don’t leave your name or
number in the outgoing message.
її Only use websites run by organisations you trust. This is
especially important when buying things and services or when
38
using a chat room.
її If you use chat rooms, choose a nickname. Don’t use your
real name. Don’t give your personal details, such as name, ad-
dress, phone number, etc.
її If you decide to meet a person who you first ‘met’ on the
internet, you should to be very careful. Meet in a public place
and invite a few other friends as well.
її Explain to your children that adults sometimes pretend to
be children in chat rooms and that they should tell you if anyone
asks for personal details or suggests meeting them in person.
її Never leave a baby or young child alone at home, even if
they are asleep.
її Children should have a list of telephone numbers for you
A Practical Course
and for other people they can phone if they need to. Make sure
they know how to phone the police.
її Children should not answer the door when at home alone.
її If children answer the telephone, they should not tell callers
they are alone.
COMPREHENSION CHECK
Choose some of the personal safety tips from the list and com-
plete the chart.
House keys
Walking home
39
Going away/Leaving home
Possible intruder in your home
or street
Unknown caller at the door
Telephone calls
Keeping safe on the internet and
in chat rooms
Child safety on the internet
Child safety in the home
DISCUSSION
• How do you think why shouldn’t you send your bank details in
an e-mail?
• Why you don’t have to leave anything on display in your car not
even a jacket?
• Is it normal to tell your children they can break the rules to be
safe, for example run, scream, lie or kick to get away from danger?
• What causes the most deaths in the Republic of Moldova each
year?
• How can you make yourself safe and protect your home?
5. Traffic policing
LEAD IN
• What is traffic?
• Who is traffic directed by?
• What is the role of traffic police in protecting lives?
• What are the commonest causes of traffic accidents?
• List the steps taken by traffic police to avoid traffic jams/
accidents.
VOCABULARY NOTES
 to catch, vb. – to take, seize, or etc.) to or upon another; pass
capture, esp. after pursuit; on; to be transferred or passed
 link, n. – a connecting element; on from one to another;
a tie or bond; a correlation;  duty, n. – a moral or legal ob-
 warning sign, n. – a type ligation; a responsibility; (of-
of traffic sign that indicates a ten duties) a task or action that
40 hazard ahead on the road; one is required to perform as
 faulty, adj. – not working or part of one’s job;
made correctly; having defects;  conspicuous, adj. – easy to
 slippery, adj. – (of a sur- notice; obvious; attracting at-

face or object) difficult to hold tention, as by being unusual or
firmly or stand on because it is remarkable; noticeable; clearly
smooth, wet, or slimy; visible;
 to prosecute, vb. – to institute  to assess, vb. – to evaluate or
or conduct legal proceedings estimate the nature, ability, or
against (a person or organiza- quality of; calculate or estimate
tion); the price or value of;
 to devolve, vb. – to transfer or  by-pass, n. – a highway or
delegate (a duty, responsibility, section of a highway that passes
around an obstructed or con-  tire, n. – a covering for a
A Practical Course
gested area; wheel, usually made of rubber
 seat belt, n. – a safety strap and filled with compressed air;
or harness designed to hold a  load, n. – something that is
person securely in a seat, as in carried, as by a vehicle, person,
a motor vehicle or aircraft; also or animal: a load of firewood.
called safety belt;
2. Use the vocabulary notes in situations of your own.
READING
Traffic Policing
To most members of the public “traffic policing” means law
enforcement. When caught speeding or parking in the wrong place, 41
many people tell the police: “You should be better employed catch-
ing criminals”. Such a comment might well have been made to an
officer who, only hours earlier, had investigated a fatal accident in
which several people had been killed.
A lot of people are killed and injured every year on roads.
There is not enough money to build roads which could prevent all
accidents. So the police must play their part in accident prevention,
which is, in fact, the most important area of traffic policing.
Each accident invariably has several causes (congested park-
ing, careless drivers, drunken drivers, tired drivers, careless pedes-
trians, etc…), the aim is to remove one or more of those causes.
Part of the police investigation is to find out exactly why an ac-
cident happened, so that it will not happen again under the same
circumstances. Individual accidents are studied, statistics are stud-
ied – all to find that common theme. Is the link the vehicle? Is it the
driver? Is it the weather? Is the warning sign hidden? Is the road
surface faulty, or too slippery?
Obviously such a study can result in a driver being prosecut-
ed: that is one of the duties which have devolved on to the police.
But the more important aspect is the work carried to find out why
the accident happened, so its repetition can be prevented.
Young motor cyclists are having too many accidents – pos-
sibly because they are lacking in experience and are not making
themselves sufficiently conspicuous – so the police held special
road checks and told them how to help themselves. They held spe-
cial evening meetings to get their messages over. They made certain
recommendations to the Department of Transport.
The results of this work cannot yet be full assessed, but the
signs are encouraging. It is vital that the police make a greater effort
to gain the co-operation of the public.
The motor-cycle accident campaign is just one example of
police accident prevention. There are many more. Some are simple
– like trying to convince people that wearing seat belts saves lives;
others are more complicated – like putting forward the police view
as to which side of a city a by-pass should be constructed. All are
aimed at protecting life.
Unfortunately, there are no prices for accident prevention:
perhaps because very few people intend to drive or ride so as to kill
or injure. The link between the faulty tire, the dangerous parking,
the excessive speed or the insecure load and the accident is not clear
to members of the public at the time. However, next time a police
officer tells you about your missing rear light – or even prosecutes
you for it – try to consider the deeper implications. He is trying to
protect your life and property.
42 COMPREHENSION
1. What do people say to the police when caught speeding?
2. What is the most important area of traffic policing?

3. What is the part of traffic police investigation?
4. Why are all the individual accidents studied?
5. How are the police helping young motor cyclists?
6. List some police campaignes for accident prevention.
7. What are some causes of traffic accidents?
8. What should you do when a officer prosecutes you for doing
smth. wrong?
II. Complete the following sentences according to the
A Practical Course
text and the vocabulary notes.
1) A lot of people are _______ and _______ every year on
roads. 2) He was ________ in the act of stealing. 3) The police must
play their part in _______ prevention. 4) Researchers have detected
a ________ between smoking and heart disease. 5) Traffic police
is trying to _______ your ________ and property. 6) It was still
difficult for the cars to stop on _______ surfaces when something
unexpected occurred. 7) In theory drivers could also be _______
for carrying passengers who are not wearing a _________. 8) Part
of the ________ investigation is to find out exactly why an accident
happened. 9) The most visible and ________ fact is that people now
live better than half a century ago. 10) It is his ________ to uphold 43
the law. 11) The results of this work cannot yet be full ________,
but the signs are ________. 12) The senator ________ the duties of
office upon a group of aides.
III. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Conducerea autovehiculului pe polei este deosebit de
riscantă. 2) Şoferii trebuie să fie în permanenţă atenţi la trafic – nu
numai pentru siguranţa lor, ci şi pentru cea a pasagerilor săi şi a
celorlalţi participanţi la trafic. 3) Conducătorii auto care au consu-
mat alcool devin periculoşi deoarece reflexele lor sunt mai încete,
iar câmpul vizual redus. 4) Persoanele implicate în accidente rutiere
sunt supuse unui test obligatoriu de măsurare a cantităţii de alcool
din sânge. 5) Dacă doriţi să mâncaţi, să fumaţi sau să daţi un tel-
efon, faceţi acest lucru înainte de a urca la volan.
IV. a) Match each word on the left with the appropriate

definition on the right.
1. a road is the edge of the pavement a.
is a narrow country road, usually
2. a motorway b.
between hedges and banks
is a route, a way for getting to a
3. a kerb c.
place and may be private or public
is a wide street usually bordered by

4. a street d.
trees
is a road in a city or in a town with
5. a pavement e.
houses on one or both sides
is built especially for fast traffic,
6. an avenue usually with two or more carriage f.
ways
is a paved way at the side of a street
7. a lane g.
for people on foot
b) Find the name of the driver to the means of transport.

Car Taxi-driver
Bus Engine driver
Tram, underground, train Cyclist
Taxi Pilot
Bicycle Driver/chauffeur
Plane Bus-driver
V. Read, translate and continue the sentences using the

words and word combinations from the box.
44 zebra-crossing traffic cause an accident local transport the
bus is crowded means of transport heavy during the rush
hour pavement knocked down by a car policeman one way
street road regulate the traffic go/cross stop collide by

underground tube bus-stop or a bus-station railway-station
cab double-deckers coaches further destinations
1) In a town there is a lot of ___________. 2) If you have

lost your way you can ask a ___________. 3) The underground in
London is called the ___________. 4) When you want to go by
bus you go to a ___________. 5) Many people are going to and
from their work ___________. 6) In London you can also travel
___________. 7) We say that in a town the traffic is ___________.
8) Pedestrians must walk on the ___________. 9) When you cross
A Practical Course
the street without looking you can be ___________. 10) Buses,
trains and cars are ____________. 11) When you want to go by
train you go to a ___________. 12) A street where the traffic goes
in one direction is a _____________. 13) If possible you must
cross the street on a ___________. 14) When two cars drive into
each other, they __________. 15) A red light means ___________.
16) If you donʹt take care when crossing you may __________.
17) Cars drive on the _________. 18) Buses with two storeys are
_____________. 19) Buses are mainly used for ____________.
20) Long-distance buses are called ___________. 21) Traffic-lights
are used to ____________. 22) A green light means ___________.
23) When there are many people on the bus we say ___________. 45
24) Another word for taxi is ___________. 25) Coaches travel to
___________.
VI. Express the following in one or two words.

1. Driving backwards
2. Using the accelerator pedal
3. Using the brakes
4. Changing the direction of travel
5. Driving into another car
6. Lights controlling traffic
7. The place where two or several roads cross
8. The place where pedestrians can cross the street
9. Public vehicles moving along fixed routes and stopping at fixed
points
10. Long-distance vehicles transporting people across country
11. The money you must pay if you commit a motoring offence
WRITING
1. Role-play. With your partner make conversations for
the situations:
• A friend of yours has just arrived in Chișinău and would like to
come to your place. He telephones you from the North Station but as
you are unable to go and meet him at the Station you tell him how
to get to your place.
• Imagine a dialogue with a traffic policeman whom you want to con-
vince that you havenʹt committed any motoring offence. He seems to
be of a different opinion.
• The road behavior of a good driver.

• Speed cameras don’t stop accidents.
• Women drivers are worse than men drivers.
• People who drink and then drive should lose their licence.
• The old drivers (about 70) are more dangerous than the young ones.
• The minimum age for driving a car should be 25.
3. Work in groups. What would you do in these situa-

tions? Choose a response or suggest an alternative.
• A police officer stops you for speeding. He asks to see your driv-
ing licence. Would you ...
− just give him a driving licence?
− put some money in your driving licence and give it to him?
• At the end of your driving test the examiner tells you that you
have failed. Would you ...
− just feel disappointed and get out of the car?
46
− get out your wallet and ask how much would it cost to pass?
INFO BOX
A Practical Course
ALCOHOL – A MAJOR CAUSE OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
The legal limit for driving after drinking alcohol is 80 mil-

ligrams of alcohol in 100 milliliters of blood when tested. But there
is no sure way of telling how much you can drink before you reach
this limit. It varies with each person depending on your weight, your
sex, if you’ve eaten and what sort of drinks you’ve had. Some people
might reach their limit after only about three standard drinks.
In fact your driving ability can be affected by just one or two
drinks. Even if you’re below the legal limit, you could still be taken to
court if a police officer thinks your driving has been affected by alcohol.
It takes about one hour for the body to get rid of the alcohol 47
in one standard drink. So, if you have a heavy drinking session in the
evening you might find that your driving ability is still affected the next
morning, or you could even find that you’re still over the legal limit.
In a test with professional drivers, the more alcoholic drinks
they had had the more certain they were that they could drive a test
course through a set of movable posts … and less able they were to do
it! So the only way to be sure you are safe is not to drink alcohol at all.
Alcohol is a major cause of traffic accidents. One in three of
the drivers killed in road accidents have levels of alcohol which are
over the legal limit, and road accidents after drinking are the big-
gest cause of death among young men. More than half of the people
stopped by the police to take a breathalyzer test have a blood alcohol
concentration more than twice the legal limit.
DISCUSSION
• What is the main idea the author wants to express?
• If you have been drinking at night, why might your driving
be affected the following morning?
• What is your opinion about driving after drinking alcohol?
• Explain the meaning of the following sentences in your own
words:
− You are over the legal limit;
− Alcohol is a major cause of traffic accidents;
− Have a heavy drinking session;
− A breathalyzer test.
Unit II. Crime concerns

1. Crimes
LEAD IN
• What is crime? Write a possible definition for crime.

• Is crime a serious problem where you live?
• Are some parts of your city considered more dangerous than
others? Which parts?
• There is more crime than there used to be. Do you agree?
Why (not)?
• A policeman on duty kills a criminal while defending a
victim? Has the officer committed any crime?

 distress, n. – extreme anxiety, (something difficult); to attack;
sorrow, or pain;  overt, adj. – done or shown
 offence, n. – a breach of a law openly; plainly apparent;
48 or rule; an illegal act; any public  to overthrow, vb. – remove
wrong or crime; forcibly from power; put an
 harm, n. – physical or mental end to (something) by the use
injury or damage; moral evil or of force;

wrongdoing;  whereby, adv. – by which;
 wrong, n. – an unjust or inju-  tough, adj. – severe; harsh;
rious act; something contrary  to steal, vb. – take (another
to ethics or morality; person’s property) without per-
 to sanction, vb. – give official mission or legal right and with-
permission or approval for (an out intending to return it;
action); impose a penalty on;  punishment, n. – a penalty
 to attempt, vb. – make an ef- inflicted as retribution for an
fort to achieve or complete offence;
 safe, n. – a strong fireproof  to accuse someone of a crime
A Practical Course
cabinet with a complex lock, – to say someone is guilty;
used for the storage of valua-  to charge someone with (mur-
bles; der) – to bring someone to
 to commit a crime or an of- court;
fence – to do something wrong/  to fight/ prevent crime – to
illegal; against the law; take action to stop crime.
2. Word formation. Complete the following chart.

VERB NOUN PERSON
to offend offence offender
49
to suspect
to steal
to accuse
to commit a crime
to imprison
to convict
to attempt
to punish
READING
Crimes
The word crime is derived from the Latin root cernō,
meaning “I decide/ I give judgment”. Originally the Latin
word crīmen meant “charge” or “cry of distress.”
In modern times a crime, also called an offence or a crimi-
nal offence, is a harmful act not only to some individual, but also
to the community or the state. It is a public wrong. Such acts are
forbidden and punishable by law.
Crimes are divided into felonies, misdemeanors and trea-
son. A felony is an offence punishable by imprisonment for more
than one year, by death or imprisonment generally. Felonies are
usually more serious crimes. A misdemeanor is a less serious of-
fence, and thus it is sanctioned by less severe penalties (impris-
onment for one year or less). Treason is a third class of crime. It is
the offence whereby a citizen attempts by overt acts to overthrow
or seriously harm his country as a nation.
If you do something illegal, then you have committed a
crime. Most people commit a crime at some time in their lives, for
example driving above the speed limit, parking illegally, stealing
sweets from a shop when they were children, etc.
In some countries, in order to fight crime governments do
a lot of things, although many people may think they are not a
good idea:
− police carry guns;
− police are allowed to stop anyone in the street and ques-
tion them;
− the courts give tougher punishments for crimes commit-
ted than in the past (e.g. bigger fines or longer prison sentences
than in the past);
− there is capital punishment (death, e.g. by electric chair or
50
hanging) for some crimes.
What can individuals do to prevent a crime from happen-
ing? Here are things some people do to protect themselves and

their property:
− don’t walk along dark streets late at night on your own;
− lock all doors and windows when you go out;
− don’t wear expensive jewellery;
− fit a burglar alarm;
− make sure your money is safe;
− put money and valuables in a safe;
− carry a mace spray;
− keep a gun in your house for self-defence.
COMPREHENSION
A Practical Course
I. a) Answer the questions.
1. What is the word crime derived from?
2. What is crime?
3. How are crimes divided?
4. What is the difference between felony, misdemeanor and trea-
son?
5. What can governments do to fight crime?
6. What can individuals do to prevent a crime from happening?
b) Fill the gaps in these questions with a suitable word.

1) Do you think the police should __________ guns? 2) Do
you think the police should be __________ to stop and question 51
people without a special reason? 3) Do you agree with capital
__________ for certain crimes such as murder? 4) Do you think
it should be legal for people to carry a mace __________? 5) Do
you think people should be allowed to use a gun or knife in self-
__________? 6) Do you think tougher punishments will help to
__________ crime?
What is your opinion on these questions? Discuss them
with your partner.
II. Translate and organize the words into three groups:

crimes, people and places.
murder thief prison barrister robbery burglar cell
criminal court rape shoplifting manslaughter judge
prisoner jury police station suspect
Crimes People Places
III. Complete the following sentences.

1) A __________ is an offence punishable by imprison-
ment for more than one year. 2) If you do something __________,
then you have __________ a crime. 3) They say that the school
didn’t protect her and that she’s suffering emotional __________.
4) Crime demands just __________. 5) In some countries, in
order to __________ crime governments do a lot of things. 6)
Put money and valuables in a __________. 7) In modern times
a crime is also called an __________or a __________ offence. 8)
The scheme was __________ by the court. 9) Most people com-
mit a __________ at some time in their lives.
IV. Find in the text the English equivalents for the fol-
lowing words and expressions.
• to take action to stop crime • alone
• police have guns • to install an alarm
• to do something wrong/ • to wear a money belt
against the law • a strong metal box
• police are permitted to • to protect yourself if some-
• to stop a crime from hap- one attacks you
pening • valuable possessions
• home and land
• midnight
V. Translate the sentences into English.
52 1) Crima reprezintă o acţiune periculoasă din punct de
vedere social. Pe plan internaţional, pedeapsa pentru această in-
fracţiune variază de la întemniţarea făptaşului pe o anumită peri-
oadă de timp până la pedeapsa capitală. 2) În vechiul cod penal

infracţiunile erau împărţite în 3 categorii: crime, delicte şi con-
travenţii. Crimele sunt cele mai grave infracţiuni. Delictele sunt
infracţiuni cu un grad de pericol social mai mic. 3) Crima organ-
izată reprezintă cel mai periculos tip de criminalitate ce afectează
societatea modernă.
VI. a) Crime Idioms. Match the idioms with their defi-
A Practical Course
nitions.
a skilful thief who a
breaks into places
To do something by the
1 without disturbing
book
people or setting off
alarms
to accept the con- b
2 To cook the books/accounts sequences of doing
something wrong
if you do something c
illegal, you will prob-
3 To face the music 53
ably be caught and
punished
4 To do something under the table to be in prison d
to keep inaccurate ac- e
counts for a business,
5 To get away with murder
usually in order to
pay less tax
to do something se- f
6 A partner in crime cretly, usually because
it’s illegal or unethical
7 To be behind bars to be in prison g
not to be punished h
8 A cat burglar
for bad behaviour
to do something i
strictly according to
9 To serve time
the rules or the offi-
cial procedures
a person who helps j
you to make a secret
10 Crime doesn’t pay
plan to do something
wrong or dishonest
b) Fill in the sentences with appropriate idioms.
1) My lawyer is a very accurate specialist, he does everything
_____________. 2) Police arrests are being given maximum pub-
licity as a reminder that _______________. 3) After the criminal
_____________, he was released. 4) One of the directors had been
______________ and the firm had been losing money for years.
5) Charles Peace is commonly cited as one of the most prolif-
ic _____________ in history, he broke into thousands of houses
during his lifetime. 6) After drinking alcohol all night, the next
morning I had to _____________ I had a bad hangover. 7) Mur-
derers have to be put ____________ for the rest of their lives. 8) A
lot of these people work 80-hour per week with all or half of their
salaries paid ____________. 9) That guy always ___________ just
because he’s cute. 10) Ex-judge’s ___________ has been sentences
to 33 months in prison.
VII. Complete the gaps with the correct form of the word
given at the end of each sentence.
1. She will go on ____________ for fraud. (TRY)
2. She agreed without the slightest _________. (HESITATE)
3. Jurors thought that the defence’s arguments were very
____________. (CONVINCE)
4. It’s ___________ to sell tobacco to someone under 16. (LEGAL)
54
5. A capital ___________ is a crime for which death is the punish-
ment. (OFFEND)
6. Cheating and foul play should be severely ___________. (PEN-

ALTY)
7. I think that the judge’s ___________ was fully ___________.
(DECIDE/JUST)
8. She was acting totally ___________. (RESPONSIBLE)
9. Lawyers are trying to prove their client’s ___________. (INNO-
CENT)
10. She died in ___________ circumstances. (SUSPECT)
11. His ____________ record includes ___________ for assault
and dangerous driving. (CRIME/CONVICT)
12. After ___________ the manager with a knife, he stole $500 and
A Practical Course
ran off. (THREAT)
13. Two students were ___________ very differently for the same
offence. (PENALTY)
14. His enemies have made false ___________ against him. (AC-
CUSE)
VIII. How well do you know Phrasal Verbs on the topic

“Crimes”? Read the definitions and choose the corresponding
phrasal verbs. Then check your answers.
1. To get into a building or car using force is to ___________.
a. break out b. break down c. break in
2. Stealing money from a bank by using force is a ___________. 55
a. hold –in b. hold –down c. hold- up
3. To steal or take something without asking is to ___________.
a. run off with b. do without c. do over
4. To hurt someone badly by hitting or kicking is to___________.
a. pull them over b. beat them up c. put one over
5. To kill someone in informal English is to __________ with them.
a. do away b. have away c. stay away
6. To destroy something with a bomb is to ___________.
a. beat it up b. blow it up c. knock it over
7. To take a criminal to the police is to ___________.
a. turn them over b. turn them in c. turn them down
8. To put someone in prison is to ___________.
a. lock them up b. do them in c. blow them up
9. To not punish someone for their crime is to ___________.
a. give them over b. let them off c. put them away
10. To succeed in not being punished for a crime is to _________ it.
a. get away with b. make off with c. pick through
WRITING
1. What did you learn? PROJECT - Search a news report
in English about a crime. Find all the words in the report con-
nected to crime.
CRIME
2. The planet Criminolia. You have been elected to be the

president of Criminolia, but Criminolia has many problems. There
are many robbers and thieves. Gangs are vandalizing all the public
places. Many government employees are accepting bribes. How will
you solve these problems?
3. Crime is on the increase. Offer some possible solutions.

Use the following phrases in an essay of around 200 words.
It is my firm belief that… A further advantage of this…
One way to combat crime would On the one/ other hand…
be… It would certainly be a good idea
The result of this would be... if …
Furthermore … One final suggestion...
Due to the fact that…
56
INFO BOX
A Practical Course
NEWS IN BRIEF
Read attentively:
1. __________________________________
Detectives investigating the murder of a woman are trying to
find out exactly how and when she died. They also don’t know
her name. A man who was walking his dog discovered the
body and called the police. The police are examining the crime
scene but don’t have any evidence yet.
2. __________________________________
Police have arrested a 55-year-old man after he tried to strangle a
woman on New Year’s Eve. The 22-year-old woman is in hospital.
57
The man will appear in court tomorrow. Police want any wit-
nesses to contact them. The attack happened just after midnight
outside Reveler’s Nightclub.
3. __________________________________
The police are employing an ex-thief to help them fight crime.
‘Bob’, who is in his forties, has spent more than ten years in
jail for various crimes including burgling around 500 houses.
He now works with the police, helping them to give advice to
homeowners on how to stop potential burglars.
4. __________________________________
A 19-year-old woman has been caught smuggling drugs worth
£100,000. She has been sentenced to six months in prison. Cus-
toms officers stopped the woman as she was walking through Gat-
wick Airport. She was on her way home from holiday.
5. __________________________________
Police in one UK town have arrested more shoplifters in a week
than they would usually arrest in a year. More than 30 under-
cover and uniformed officers caught people who were stealing
from shops. The police arrested nearly 250 people.
COMPREHENSION CHECK
1. a) Complete the headlines with the words in the box.
arrest attempted crime detectives jailed thieves
• Man charged with ______________ murder.

• Woman _________________ for smuggling.
• _________________ puzzled by death.
• Police _____________ 250 _____________.
• Burglar helps police stop _______________.
b) Read the newspaper stories again and match the

headlines from the previous exercise to the correct story.
c) Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)?

Story 1: The police know how the woman was killed.
Story 2: The woman in the story isn’t dead.
Story 3: Bob doesn’t break into houses now.
Story 4: The woman was going on holiday when she was arrested.
Story 5: The police usually catch more than 250 shoplifters every
week.
2. Find words in the newspaper stories to match with

these definitions.
58 a. trying to find out the facts about something to learn the truth
about it (story 1)
b. to find something you didn’t know before (story 1)
c. useful information that may help solve a crime (story 1)

d. (the police) took someone to a police station because it is be-
lieved that he/she committed a crime (story 2)
e. people who see a crime, accident, or other event happen (story
2)
f. giving work to someone (story 3)
g. possible or likely in the future (story 3)
h. with a value (usually in money) (story 4)
i. working secretly in order to catch criminals or get information
(story 5)
2. Types of crimes
A Practical Course
LEAD IN
• Have you or your family ever been the victim of a crime?

• Have you ever done anything illegal? If so, what did you do?
• Under what situations would you think of committing a
crime?
• What do you think is the worst crime a person could
commit? Why?
VOCABULARY NOTES
1. Read, translate and memorize. 59
 murder, n. – the unlawful kill-  burglary, n. – illegal entry of a

ing of one human by another, building with intent to commit
especially with premeditated a crime, especially theft;
malice;  larceny, n. – the unlawful tak-
 assault, n. – a physical attack; ing and removing of another’s
an act that threatens physical personal property with the in-
harm to a person, whether or tent of permanently depriving
not actual harm is done; the owner; theft;
 rape, n. – the crime, typically  arson, n. – the act of inten-
committed by a man, of forcing tionally or recklessly setting
another person to have sexual fire to another’s property or to
intercourse with the offender one’s own property for some
against their will; improper reason;
 robbery, n. – the act or an in-  complainant, n. – a statement
stance of unlawfully taking the that something is unsatisfacto-
property of another by the use ry or unacceptable;
of violence or intimidation;  to gamble, vb. – play games of
 theft, n. – the dishonest tak- chance for money; bet;
ing of property belonging to  embezzlement, n. – theft or
another person with the in- misappropriation of funds
tention of depriving the owner placed in one’s trust or belong-
permanently of its possession; ing to one’s employer;
 insider, n. – one who has spe- ing as a result or effect; impor-
cial knowledge or access to con- tant; significant;
fidential information; a person  smuggling, n. – the import or
who is a member of a group, export without paying lawful
organization, society, etc.; customs charges or duties;
 income, n. – money received,  money laundering, n. – the
especially on a regular basis, for concealment of the origins of
work or through investments; illegally obtained money, typi-
 to generate, vb. – produce or cally by means of transfers in-
create; volving foreign banks or legiti-
 concern, n. – anxiety; worry; mate businesses.
 consequential, adj. – follow-
2. Use the new words and word combinations in sentenc-

es of your own.
E.g. The police suspected him of murder.
READING
Types of crimes
The field of criminal law divides crimes into several cat-
egories. The category of crime dictates the type of criminal act,
the mental state, and the degree of punishment. Three broad cat-
egories of crimes are crimes against the person, crimes against
60 property and white-collar crimes.
Crimes against Persons, also called personal crimes, include
murder, assault, rape, robbery, etc. Personal crimes are distributed
within young, urban, poor and other minorities that are commit-
ting these crimes more than others.
Crimes against Property – property crimes involve theft of
property without bodily harm, such as burglary, larceny, auto theft,
arson and others. Like personal crimes, young, urban, poor, and
other minorities generally commit these crimes more than others.
Crimes against Morality are also called victimless crimes
because there is not complainant or victim. Prostitution, ille-
gal gambling and illegal drug use are all examples of victimless
crimes.
White-Collar Crimes are crimes that are committed by
A Practical Course
people of high social status who commit their crimes in context
of their occupation. This includes embezzlement, insider trading,
tax evasion and other violations of income tax laws. White-collar
crimes generally generate less concern in the public mind than
other types of crime. However, these crimes are more consequen-
tial for society. They are generally the least investigated and least
prosecuted.
Organized Crime is the crime committed by structured
groups typically involving the distribution of illegal goods and
services to others. This term can refer to any group that exercises
control over large illegal enterprises (such as drug trade, illegal
gambling, prostitution, weapons smuggling, or money launder- 61
ing).
COMPREHENSION
1. How are crimes classified?
2. Which are the personal crimes?
3. What are the crimes against property?
4. Who is more disposed to commit crimes against persons and
property?
5. What is a victimless crime?
6. What is a white-collar crime?
7. What do we call an organized crime?
II. Fill in the gaps with suitable words.

1) He was convicted of _________ ___________ and tax
evasion. 2) Investing creates an asset that ___________ passive
income such as rent on a property or profits from a business ven-
ture. 3) The new congress lacked ___________ leaders. 4) Crimes
against persons are also called _________ ___________. 5)
White-Collar Crimes are crimes that are committed by people of
_________ social _________. 6) We are naturally watching with
some __________ and care and anxiety what is occurring in our
country. 7) However, this has been seen as a secret tax by some
because __________ tend to increase more quickly than prices. 8)
At the same time, some senior staff within the bank were involved
in frauds and __________. 9) The most prevalent property crimes
are larceny, theft, __________, and robbery. 10) However, experts
have since cast doubt over the forensic tests used to decide the
fire was __________. 11) Less than three weeks later he was re-
ported for a physical __________ on a young boy. 12) He was ac-
cused of __________ his wife’s lover. 13) Property crimes involve
__________ of property without bodily __________.
III. Translate the following text into English.

Un poliţist a fost ucis cu focuri de mitralieră, în zori zilei
de duminică, 4 martie 2012, în timp ce urmăreau o maşină furată.
Un alt poliţist implicat în urmărire a fost izbit cu maşina. Poliţia a
primit, sâmbătă noaptea, o sesizare privind furtul unui autoturism
Mercedes de pe o stradă din oraş. Maşina a fost dată în urmărire
locală şi a fost identificată, la puţin timp, de o patrulă mobilă de
poliţie care i-a făcut semn şoferului să oprească. Persoana aflată la
volan a redus iniţial viteza, după care l-a lovit în plin pe unul din
subofiţerii de poliţie, aruncându-l la doi metri distanţă, pe carosabil.
IV. Match the legal terms on the left with their definitions
62
on the right. Use them in sentences of your own.
1. deterrence a. guidance and instruction given to
offenders, their beneficial treatment

aimed at restitution of positive skills
and attitudes
2. case study b. measures taken to prevent hostile ac-
tion
3. legislator c. a person serving a prison sentence
4. retribution d. a detailed analysis of a criminal per-
son or group
5. convict e. a member of a body which gives or
A Practical Course
makes laws
6. rehabilitation f. something given or demanded in re-
payment, especially punishment
V. a) Look at the list of verbs given in the box below and

decide which verb collocates with the nouns or noun phrases be-
low.
file play receive report interrogate get away with give
serve exceed make return take act suffer commit
reduce demand confess witness weigh up cause face
63
gather let sb. off do try pass
1)___________ ransom; 2)___________ a verdict;

3)___________ a sentence; 4)___________ a major felo-
ny; 5)__________ a decision; 6)___________ sb. for mur-
der; 7)___________ for divorce; 8)___________ the speed
limit; 9)___________ injuries; 10)__________ compensation;
11)__________ the crime rate; 12)__________ your son missing;
13)__________ responsibility; 14)_________ to stealing the mon-
ey; 15)___________ evidence in court; 16)___________ an impor-
tant role; 17)___________ as a deterrent; 18)___________ an acci-
dent; 19)___________ a point; 20)___________ the pros and cons;
21)________ the suspect ________ a charge of rape; 22)________
evidence ______ with only a caution/warning; 23)_______ sen-
tence _______ community service.
b) With your partner translate and make conversations

using the colloctions above.
VI. Complete the following words and expressions with

the missing vowels.
1) BR___ ___K TH___ L___W: to do something illegal
2) B___RGL___R___: the crime of breaking into someone’s home
and stealing things
3) C___MM___T ___ CR___M___: the synonym of phrase num-
ber 1
4) DR___G D___ ___L___NG: the crime of buying and selling
marijuana, heroin, etc. illegally
5) FR___ ___D: the crime of getting money illegally
6) M___GG___NG: the crime of demanding money with vio-
lence or threats
7) M___RD___R: the deliberate killing of someone
8) M___NSL___ ___GHT___R: killing someone by accident
9) ___FF___NC___: an illegal action, synonym of crime
10) R___P___: a crime of forcing someone to have sex
11) R___BB___R___: the crime of stealing things from a bank or
other place
12) SH___PL___FT___NG: the crime of stealing something from
a shop, etc.
13) ST___ ___L: to take something that belongs to someone else
14) TH___FT: the crime of stealing
15) TH___ ___F: the person who is involved in number 13
16) C___P___T___L P___N___SHM___NT: the killing of some-
one by the state when they are found guilty of a serious crime
17) ___NN___C___NT: the opposite of guilty
18) D___ ___TH P___N___LT___: the synonym of phrase num-
ber 16
64 19) F___N___: an amount of money paid when for example you
park your car in the wrong place
20) PR___S___N S___NT___NC___: the time that someone has
to spend in jail
21) ___CC___S___ sb. ___F something: to say that someone is
guilty
22) ___CQ___ ___T sb. ___F ___ CH___RG___: to decide in
court that someone is not guilty
VII. Choose the words which best complete the text below.
Translate it into Romanian.
*
Note – actus reus = guilty act; mens rea = guilty mind.
The criminal law generally prohibits undesirable 1)
_______________. Thus, proof of a 2) _____________ requires
A Practical Course
proof of some act. Scholars label this the requirement of an actus
reus or 3) ______________ act. Some crimes require no more, and
they are known as strict liability offenses. Nevertheless, because
of the potentially severe consequences of criminal conviction,
judges at common law also sought proof of an 4) _____________
to do some bad thing, the 5) ____________ rea or guilty mind.
As to crimes of which both actus reus and mens rea are require-
ments, judges have concluded that the elements must be present
at precisely the same moment and it is not enough that they oc-
curred sequentially at different times.
1) a. acts b. thoughts c. words
2) a. law b. indictment c. crime 65
3) a. guilty b. motive c. innocent
4) a. crime b. intent c. wrongful
5) a. actus b. mens c. reus
WRITING
1. Imagine you get robbed at knifepoint and then the thief
gets hit by a car. The car speeds off, nobody else is around, and
he is in extreme pain but not dead; would you help the thief and
why?
2. What effects do you imagine the following have had

on crime?
• the invention of gunpowder • street lighting
• the creation of police • the payment of police
• the discovery of fingerprints • the colour of man’s skin/religion
• cars • war
• Poverty is the parent of crime.
• Behind every great fortune there is a crime.
• It’s not a crime to make a mistake, but it is a crime if you don’t
learn from it.
• Small crimes always precede great ones.
INFO BOX
CYBER CRIME
Committing crimes has just gotten a lot easier. Like

everything else in the world, crime has gone hi-tech. We love
online shopping, whereby we can order anything our hearts
desire right from our homes, but now thieves can steal what-
ever they want the same way – from home, without even going
outside.
How is it possible? It’s called cybercrime, and it is some-
thing brand new that law enforcement agencies have to worry
about. People who commit these 21st century-style robberies
are called computer hackers. They are extremely skillful and
usually very intelligent computer users who figure out ways to
steal credit cards numbers from online shopping transactions
while purchases are being processed. Other hackers break se-
cret codes to get into bank or company records.
Cybercrime is the wave of the future and it is here to
stay. As long as computers and the internet are around, there
will always be people trying to figure out ways to steal mon-
ey online. It is estimated that about 1 trillion U.S. dollars are
moved around electronically every week, so the incentive for
would-be thieves to break the security codes is extremely high.
66 This new method beats putting on a mask and robbing a bank
with the chances of being spotted by the police.
The fact that cybercriminals can work right from home
gives them a sense of security in thinking that they’ll never

be caught. Actually, they’re almost right. Only about 3% of cy-
bercriminals are ever caught, and the 97% who get away with
it steal about 100 billion U.S. dollars per year just in the USA
alone.
There are several other types of cybercrime besides
stealing credit card numbers and breaking into bank records,
but it all comes under the heading of hacking. Corporate espi-
onage is a problem for all large businesses. Hackers working for
A Practical Course
competitors steal company secrets which end up costing the
victimized company a lot of money.
As expected, law enforcement agencies are not just sit-
ting on their hands doing nothing while the cybercrimes are
being committed. Most governments have set up cybercrime
task forces, both at the national and local levels. But unfor-
tunately, there are too many criminals in cyberspace for the
watchdog agencies to handle.
The vastness of cyberspace and all that’s available in it
is too much of a temptation for many people to ignore. Every-
body likes to get things for free, and the internet makes it easy.
In a sense, those of us who download music, videos and soft-
67
ware for free are cybercriminals, too, because we should be
paying for it, not taking it for free.
DISCUSSION
• Have you ever been a victim of cybercrime? If so, give exam-
ples.
• How can a cybercriminal harm a person whose personal
information he or she has stolen?
• How can you avoid becoming a victim of identity theft?
• Name three actions you should take if you believe you’ve
been victimized by crimeware or online fraud.
• Name two ways to protect your password.
• Summarize two examples of cybercrime stories.
COMPREHENSION CHECK
Find in the text above equivalents for the following
words and expressions.
whatever we want
very new
police, detectives, etc.
be seen and captured
is better than
to feel safe
discovered, arrested
too attractive to resist
being lazy, just watching
the company whose money or information
was stolen
68
3. Offences against person
A Practical Course
LEAD IN
• Have you ever witnessed a crime? If so, tell us about it.
• If a person steals a loaf of bread because he needs to feed
his starving family, should he be punished?
• What crimes have you heard about recently in the news?
• List the most common crimes in our country.
VOCABULARY NOTES
1. Read, translate and memorize. 69
 culpable, adj. – deserving nected by blood or marriage;
blame; guilty;  custody, n. – the protective
 malice aforethought, n. – care or guardianship of some-
wrongful intention, the inten- one or something; parental re-
tion to kill or harm; sponsibility, especially as allo-
 liability, n. – the state of cated to one of two divorcing
being legally responsible for parents;
something;  indecent, adj. – offensive to
 deliberate, adj. – done con- public moral values; not con-
sciously and intentionally; forming with generally accepted
 to aid, vb. – help or support standards of behaviour, especial-
(someone or something) in the ly in relation to sexual matters;
achievement of something; pro-  reckless, adj. – heedless or
mote or encourage (something); careless; heedless of danger or
 to abet, vb. – encourage or the consequences of one’s ac-
assist (someone) to do some- tions; rash or impetuous;
thing wrong, in particular to  grievous, adj. – very severe
commit a crime; or serious;
 disturbed, adj. – emotionally  wounding, n. – an injury, espe-
upset, troubled, or maladjusted; cially one in which the skin or
agitated or distressed; disrupted; another external surface is torn,
 relative, n. – a person con- pierced, cut, or otherwise broken.
to aid disturbed reckless wounding grievous
custody
READING
Offences against persons
The field of criminal law divides crimes into several categories.
Two broad categories of crimes are crimes against the person and
crimes against property.
Crimes against the person are the most serious crimes because
the offence involves physical harm to another person. Crimes
against the person are also called violent crimes for this reason.
The great majority of crimes against the person are felonies. The
main offences against persons are:
I. Homicide – the killing of a human being. It may be culpable
or non-culpable (lawful or unlawful) or excusable. It depends on
the circumstances in which the act of homicide takes place.
1. Unlawful homicide constitutes:
Murder that means the unlawful killing of a person by anoth-
er. Murder is committed when the killer acts with malice afore-
70
thought. The punishment for murder is life imprisonment.
Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being with-
out malice aforethought. It may be voluntary (death results from

an assault made under provocation) or involuntary (death results
from an accident or from an unlawful act).
Motoring offences such as causing death by dangerous or care-
less driving.
2. Lawful homicide is for instance the lawful execution of a
criminal. Excusable homicide is the killing of a human being that
results in no criminal liability, like self-defence in a sudden con-
flict, or accident.
3. Genocide – a deliberate destruction of a national racial, re-
ligious or ethnic group defined by exterminators as undesirable.
4. Aiding and abetting suicide is an arrestable offence for a
A Practical Course
person to aid, abet or counsel for suicide.
II. Infanticide appears when a mother, by any willful act caus-
es the death of her child under 12 months old. She is guilty of
infanticide and not murder if her mind was disturbed because of
the effects of childbirth or lactation. The punishment is the same
as for manslaughter.
Child destruction and abortion is an offence to destroy the life
of an unborn child, unless necessary for the preservation of its
mother’s life.
Child destruction is when a person with intention destroys the
life of a child during the course of pregnancy or birth. Abortion is
the premature termination of a pregnancy. 71
III. Rape and other sexual offences are:
Unlawful sexual intercourse – when a man has sexual inter-
course with a woman who is under the age of 16, mentally defect-
ed or a blood relative.
Rape is an arrestable offence, when a man has sexual inter-
course with another person without his or her consent.
Defilement – when a man has unlawful sexual intercourse
with a girl under 13.
Seduction or prostitution – when a person having custody or
care of a girl less than 16 years old causes and encourages her
seduction or prostitution.
Incest appears when a man has sexual intercourse with a wom-
an whom he knows to be his daughter, granddaughter or mother;
or when a girl of 16 allows a man she knows to be her grandfa-
ther, father, brother or son to have sexual intercourse. Stepbroth-
ers and sisters are not blood relations.
Indecency includes indecent language or behaviour, indecent
exposure, indecency with children.
Buggery – sexual intercourse in an unnatural manner or with
an animal.
Bigamy is the act of marrying someone when already married
to someone else.
IV. Assaults and woundings/battery
Assaults are intentional or reckless acts causing another per-
son unlawful personal violence. Justifiable assaults happen un-
der the following circumstances: administrating lawful correc-
tion (parents punishing their children); self-defence, defence of a
member of the family; defence of property.
There are more kinds of assaults:
• Common assault (beating a person);
• Aggravated assault (by violence);
• Assault with intent to resist arrest;
• Assaults on police.
Woundings are of two kinds:
• Grievous bodily harms are unlawful and malicious woundings;
it is an arrestable offence, punished with five years imprisonment;
• Grievous bodily harms with intent are unlawful and malicious
woundings; the penalty is life imprisonment.
COMPREHENSION
1. Name the two broad categories of crimes.
2. What are the main offences against person?
3. How many types of homicide do you know?
4. What is the difference between murder and manslaughter?
5. What do you understand by infanticide?
72 6. What offences involving sexual intercourse can you define?
7. Is there a difference between rape and defilement?
8. Is incest ever permitted?
9. What kind of assaults do you know?

10. What means a justifiable assault?
11. What types of woundings do you know?
II. Complete the sentences with suitable words.

1) Crimes against the _____________ are the most serious
crimes because the offence involves physical _____________
to another person. 2) The great majority of crimes against the
person are _____________. 3) _____________ is committed
when the killer acts with malice _____________. 4) Excusable
_____________ is the killing of a human being that results in
A Practical Course
no criminal _____________. 5) _____________ homicide is for
instance the lawful execution of a _____________. 6) And those
injuries have been inflicted with _____________ and premedi-
tated intent. 7) He was not guilty of murder, but guilty of aiding
and _____________ others. 8) The Dutch make a distinction be-
tween _____________ by marriage and relatives by blood. 9) In
a divorce, fathers control _____________ of sons over the age of
two and daughters over the age of seven. 10) _____________ are
intentional or _____________ acts causing another person un-
lawful personal violence. 11) Grievous bodily harms are unlawful
and malicious _____________.
73
III. Translate the following text into English.
Martorul incidentului a declarat ofiţerului anchetator că l-a
văzut pe cel care a tras două focuri de armă asupra victimei. El a
descris suspectul după cum urmează:
„Suspectul era un bărbat alb, de talie mijlocie, în vârstă de
aproximativ 30 de ani. Avea părul negru tuns scurt şi mustaţă.
Purta un tricou de culoare deschisă şi pantaloni negri. După atac
s-a urcat într-o maşină albă, model japonez, cred, şi a părăsit locul
faptei în viteză. Asta-i tot ce îmi amintesc”.
IV. a) Using dictionaries and working in pairs, give defini-

tions to the following crimes.
e.g. Homicide is the killing of a human being.
homicide battery abduction slander libel hate crime
murder voluntary manslaughter
b) Complete the chart.

Crime Criminal Verb Definition
using violence for
terrorism terrorist to terrorise
political ends
blackmail
drug-traf-
ficking
assault
mugging
murder
smuggling
kidnapping
rape
robbery
c) Here are some words connected with law and crime. If

necessary, use a dictionary to help you check that you under-
stand what they all mean. Then divide them into three groups:
crimes, punishments, people connected with the law.
theft member of a jury judge smuggling witness
prison fine bribery detective hi-jacking flogging
community service probation traffic warden death penalty
rape drunken driving lawyer
Crimes Punishments People connected with the law
74
V. Underline the most suitable word or phrase.
1. Sally didn’t realize that she had broken/countered/denied the law.
2. The police have banned/cancelled/refused parking in this street.

3. I must remember to get a/an agreement/licence/permission for
my television.
4. The president admitted that there had been a breakdown of law
and crime/government/order.
5. Jim’s parents wouldn’t agree/allow/let him go to the demonstra-
tion.
6. Jake was arrested because he had entered the country falsely/
illegally/wrongly.
7. Talking to other students is against the law/orders/rules of the
examination.
8. The two men were arrested before they could commit/make/
A Practical Course
perform any more crimes.
9. I had to take the company to court/justice/law to get the money
they owed me.
10. Smoking is compulsory/prohibited/refused near the petrol
tanks.
VI. Match words in the box with a suitable description.

blackmailer forger hooligan murderer shoplifter
vandal hijacker kidnapper pickpocket smuggler
witness
1. This person takes control of a plane or boat by force _________.

75
2. This person sees what happens during a crime or acci-
dent___________.
3. This person brings goods into the country illegally__________.
4. This person might steal food from a supermarket___________.
5. This person kills someone on purpose____________________.
6. This person takes people and demands money for their re-
turn___________.
7. This person makes illegal copies of paintings, documents, etc.
___________.
8. This person damages other people’s property_____________.
9. This person might steal your wallet in a crowd_____________.
10. This person gets money from others by threatening to tell
secrets____________.
11. This person causes trouble at football matches____________.
VII. a) Match the crime on the left with its definition on the
right.
Crimes Definitions
using force or threatening force to
arson 1 take control of an aircraft during a
flight
assault and bat- taking people or things illegally into
2 b
tery a country or place
an illegal sexual act that falls short

petty theft 3 c
of sexual intercourse
intentional damage to property by
burglary 4 d
setting fire to it
sexual intercourse with another
gross indecency 5 e
person without his or her consent
an attempt to influence an official
rape 6 by offering him or her some kind of f
reward
manslaughter 7 stealing objects of little value g
entering a place of habitation with
hijacking 8 h
the intention of stealing
intentional physical harm inflicted
smuggling 9 on a person without his or her con- i
sent
murder that is either unintentional
bribery 10 j
or else has mitigating circumstances
b) Match each description of a crime to the term by which

it is known.
A woman kills her husband after
76
assault a finding him in compromising circum- 1
stances with another woman.
A schoolboy smashes a shop window

grievous bodily
b and causes damage in the shop after 2
harm
a football match.
murder with A group of young men take an old
extenuating cir- c lady’s handbag after threatening her 3
cumstances with physical violence.
A lady slips a small piece of jewelry
shoplifting d into her handbag in a department 4
store.
A man attacks another man and in-
A Practical Course
vandalism e jures him so badly that the victim has 5
to undergo an operation.
c) Find logical correspondence between the following terms

(sometimes more than one connection can be made).
culpable homicide premature expulsion

genocide personal violence
mentally disturbed incest
rape girl under 13
77
two years imprisonment infanticide
provocation non-culpable homicide
excusable exterminator
abortion manslaughter
defilement deception
daughter seduction
WRITING
1. Continue the story using the following words.
Amanda Green is the niece of a well-known millionaire. She was
kidnapped yesterday…
• calls/ made/ before • police/informed/immediate-
• Amanda/seen/last/park ly
• same day/ letter/ sent • all areas/ searched/ since yes-
• Amanda/released/ as soon terday
as/ kidnappers given $100.000 • Amanda/not found/ so far
2. Write a plan for committing a perfect crime. Include what
the crime would be, who would be involved in and why.
E.g. I would like my friend John to be involved because he’s an excel-
lent computer hacker.
3. You are on a cruise ship that sinks and you swim to an unin-
habited island (nobody lives there). There is no chance you will
be rescued, so you and the other survivors must start a new
society. Write the laws you think the new society should have.
78
A Practical Course
INFO BOX
DESCRIPTIONS IN POLICE WORK
Police officers will, on many occasions in their service, ei-

ther be required to describe a person or obtain a description.
The following checklist may be of help.
a) Full name, including any alias/ nickname
• Age: he/she is 20 years old; he is 20 years of age; he is aged 20;
he is a 20 year old youth; he is in his twenties/ early 20s/ late
20s; he is about/ approximately 20.
• Age group: school age / young/ middle aged/ old.
• Age range: under…/ over….
79
b) Appearance
• Height: tall/ short/ medium height/ average height.
• Build: fat/ heavy/ medium/ slim/ thin/ slightly built/ well
built.
• Colour (ethnic origin): Caucasian or white European/ dark
European/ Asian/ Afro-Caribbean /Latin-American.
• Complexion: fresh/ ruddy/ pale/ pimply/ uses cosmetics.
• Hair: length/type- short/ long/ curly/ wavy/ bald/ colour-
dark/brown/blond/grey/dyed.
He has got dark hair/ he is dark haired.
• Hair on face (facial hair): beard/ moustache/ dark chin/stub-
ble.
• Eyes – colour of the eyes: blue, green, brown, etc.
He has got blue eyes/ he is blue eyed.
c) Distinctive (distinguishing) marks: birth marks/ moles/
warts/ scars/ tattoos/ deformity other identifying marks.
d) Characteristics and habits: drinking/ smoking/ known as-
sociates.
e) Dress (clothing): smart/ casual/ sporting/ scruffy/ vagrant.
DISCUSSION
• What is a description?
• Why do we use descriptions in police work?
• What should you pay particular attention to when compiling a
description of a person?
• When compiling a description of property what details should
you pay particular attention to?
• Are there any special skills required for police officers in pro-
ducing a reliable and accurate description of things which they
have seen?
Activity 1
• Think about the members of your class. Try to describe one of them
so accurately that all the others in the class would identify that per-
son from your description. The checklist may be of help to you- but
obviously you do not mention his/her name yet!
Activity 2
• Try to build up a complete description of yourself.
80
4. Offences against property
A Practical Course
LEAD IN
• Have you ever been robbed? How did it happen? Did you
report to the police? Did they help you?
• Have you ever noticed someone stealing in a store? What
were your actions?
• Is downloading videos or music for free a crime?
• What is the difference between crime and sin?
• Do you agree that everything that is not prohibited by law
is allowed? 81
VOCABULARY NOTES
 fear, n. – an unpleasant emo- is intended to tease or create
tion caused by the threat of trouble; harm or trouble caused
danger, pain, or harm; by someone or something;
 to trespass, vb. – to enter  to slash, vb. – cut with a wide,
someone’s land or property sweeping movement, typically
without permission; using a knife or sword;
 damage, n. – physical harm  to rip, vb. – make a long tear
that impairs the value, useful- or cut in; make (a hole) by
ness, or normal function of force;
something; detrimental effects;  defendant, n. – an individual,
 to occur, vb. – happen; take company, or institution sued or
place; exist or be found to be accused in a court of law;
present in a place or under a  to entrust, vb. – assign the
particular set of conditions; responsibility for doing some-
 to extinguish, vb. – cause (a thing to (someone); put (some-
fire or light) to cease to burn or thing) into someone’s care or
shine; put an end to; destroy; protection;
 mischief, n. – playfulness that  to inflict, vb. – cause (some-
thing unpleasant or painful) thentic; (of a person, emotion,
to be suffered by someone or or action) sincere;
something;  to utter, vb. – put (forged
 genuine, adj. – truly what money) into circulation.
something is said to be; au-
READING
Offences against property
Crimes against property do not usually involve force or fear
of harm. The criminal act is the act of damaging or attempting to
gain the property of another.
Crimes that damage the property of another include trespass,
vandalism, and arson. Crimes that attempt to gain the property of
another are burglary, larceny, theft, and forgery.
Crimes that damage the property of another may involve vio-
lent acts, but because there is no physical injury to a person, they
are not classified with other violent crimes. The intent of these
crimes is the damage to property, even if harm to a person oc-
curs. For example, a person who willfully and maliciously burns
a building owned by another has committed the crime of arson.
If the owner is trapped in the building or is killed trying to extin-
82 guish the fire, the defendant may also be guilty of a crime against
the person.
Here are a few crimes against property:
1. Criminal mischief (Criminal damage) also known as van-

dalism, is the willful damaging of the property of another. It may
include throwing rocks through windows, slashing car tires, rip-
ping down fences, breaking off car aerials etc.
Arson is the intentional and malicious burning of another’s
person property. It is sometimes expanded by statute to include
acts similar to burning, such as exploding.
2. Larceny/Theft is the unlawful taking and carrying away of
the personal property of another, without his/her consent, by a
person not entitled to possession, with intent to steal it. Accord-
ing to the value of property taken or the method used, larceny
A Practical Course
is sometimes classified into grand larceny, which is a felony, and
petit (petty) larceny, which is a misdemeanor.
Embezzlement is the fraudulent taking of property by some-
one to whom it was entrusted. It is often associated with bank
employees, public officials etc., who during their lawful activities
may happen to take for their own use property, such as money,
which actually belongs to others. In recent years, embezzlement
and larceny have tended to come under the statutory crime of
theft.
3. Robbery is the unlawful taking of property from a person’s
immediate possession, by using force against that person or put-
ting him/her in fear of being subjected to force. Generally, it is the 83
element of force that makes the difference between robbery and
theft.
Armed robbery is robbery aggravated by the fact that it is com-
mitted by a defendant armed with a dangerous weapon that may
or may not be used in the course of committing the crime.
4. Burglary is the breaking and entering any structure, such
as a building, with the intent to commit a crime (theft inflicting
grievous bodily harm, causing criminal damage etc.).
5. Extortion, used interchangeably with blackmail, is the ille-
gal financial gain by using threats (to do future physical harm, to
destroy property, to damage someone’s character etc.).
6. Forgery is generally defined as the making of a false instru-
ment with the intention that it shall be used to induce somebody
to accept as genuine, thereby causing harm to others. An instru-
ment may be a document or any device in which information is
recorded or stored.
Uttering, which can be a separate crime, is the uttering of a
forged instrument with representations by words or acts, directly
or indirectly, that the instrument is valid.
Keeping lost property and receiving stolen goods are also
crimes against property.
COMPREHENSION
1. What is arson?
2. Give examples of criminal mischief.
3. Is there any difference between larceny and theft?
4. What is the crime of embezzlement?
5. Distinguish between robbery and burglary.
6. What threats do extortion statutes generally cover?
7. What is forgery?
8. What other offences against property do you know?
II. Complete the sentences using the text.

1) Crimes against ___________ do not usually involve
_____________ or fear of harm. 2) Crimes that damage the
property of another include ____________, ____________ and
____________. 3) Criminal ____________ include throwing
____________ through windows, ____________ car tires, and
____________ down fences. 4) ____________ is the intention-
al and ____________ burning of another’s person property. 5)
Larceny is sometimes classified into__________ ____________,
which is a felony, and __________ ___________, which is a mis-
demeanor. 6) ______________ is often associated with bank
employees and public officials. 7) ___________ ____________
84
is robbery aggravated by the fact that it is committed by a de-
fendant armed with a dangerous ______________. 8) Keeping
____________ property and receiving stolen ____________ are

also crimes against property.
III. Translate the sentences into English.

1) Inculpatul a pretins că nu ştia că bunurile sunt furate. 2)
Avocatul acuzării a replicat că acest lucru nu contează. 3) Ju-
decătorul l-a condamnat pe inculpat la trei ani de închisoare. 4)
Falsificatorul a plasat banii falşi unui intermediar care să-i pună
în circulaţie. 5) Acuzatul s-a făcut vinovat de punere în circulaţie
a unei sume considerabile de valută falsă. 6) Sărbătorile consti-
tuie un moment oportun pentru plasarea pe piaţă a bancnotelor
A Practical Course
şi monedelor false din cauza tranzacţiilor comerciale intense din
această perioadă. 7) Cum se pot recunoaşte bancnotele false sau
contrafăcute?
IV. Arrange the letters in the following legal terms, then

match these terms with their definitions.
1. imcre a. the crime of killing another person deliber-
ately and not in self-defense
2. eiocutexn b. the early release of a prisoner, conditioned
on good behavior and regular reporting to the
authorities for a set period of time
85
3. fein c. an action prohibited by law
4. mdreur d. case brought to a law court
5. aplero e. somebody who is hurt or killed
6. optirbnao f. a sum of money that somebody is ordered to
pay for breaking a law or rule
7. utis g. lawyers trying to prove somebody’s guilt
8. secoiutpron h. the supervision of the behavior of a young
or first-time criminal offender by a probation
officer. During the period of supervision, the
offender must regularly report to the proba-
tion officer and must not commit any further
offenses
9. ctimvi i. the killing of somebody as part of a legal or
extralegal process
V. a) Match the crimes from the box below with their defi-
nitions.
assassination arson assault blackmail bigamy
bribery burglary embezzlement espionage forgery
extortion libel fraud manslaughter murder piracy
perjury robbery slander smuggling theft treason
killing a public figure illegally and intention-

1. assassination
ally
acting in such a way as to cause someone to be
2.
put in fear of immediate physical harm
3. betraying your country to a foreign power
copying patented inventions or copyrighted
4.
works
5. entering a building illegally and stealing things
getting money from people by threatening to
6.
publicize facts they do not want revealed
7. getting money from people by using threats
getting property or money from people by
8.
making them believe untrue things
going through a ceremony of marriage when
9.
you are still married to someone else
10. killing someone illegally and intentionally
killing someone unintentionally or in mitigat-
11.
ing circumstances
making an illegal copy of a banknote or doc-
12.
ument
86 offering money corruptly to get someone to
13.
do something to help you
saying something which damages someone’s

14.
character
15. setting fire to a building
stealing something by using force or threaten-
16.
ing to use force
stealing, taking property which belongs to
17.
someone else
18. taking goods illegally into or out of a country
telling lies when you have sworn an oath to
A Practical Course
19.
say what is true in court
20. trying to find out secrets by illegal means
writing, publishing, or broadcasting a state-
21.
ment which damages someone’s character
using illegally or stealing money which you
22.
are looking after for someone else
b) Work with a partner and test each other. One person

turns the page over, the other asks questions.
e.g. What do you call the crime of killing a public figure illegally and
intentionally? or Define “assassination”. 87
VI. a) Underline the most suitable word or phrase.

1. Harry was told that fishing in the lake was against/by/over the
law.
2. Catherine led a secret life for/in/of crime before she was caught.
3. Having trouble with your phone? Send at/for/to Fix-a-phone.
4. I regret to tell you that you are for/in/under arrest.
5. I only attacked the young man from/in/with self-defence.
6. David was often at/in/with trouble with the police when he was
young.
7. The robbers’ car was hidden below/by/from sight behind the
bank.
8. The kidnappers have been caught, and the child is no longer at/
in/on danger.
9. Tony was caught by a policeman who was off/out/away from
duty and cycling to work.
10. The thieves took the wrong painting by/in/under mistake.
11. The suspicious manager left the safe unlocked from/on/with
purpose.
12. The robbers met to plan the bank raid from/in/with secret.
b) Match types with crimes. Translate them into Romanian.
murder / manslaughter / assault
1. Political offences / battery / wounding / grievous a.
bodily harm / abduction
theft / robbery / burglary / ob-
taining property or services or pe-
cuniary advantage by deception /
blackmail / handling stolen goods
2. Public order offences b.
/ going equipped to steal / crim-
inal damage / possessing some-
thing with intent to damage or
destroy property / forgery
Crimes against the rape / buggery / bigamy / inde-
3. c.
person cency / seduction
treason / terrorism / breach of
4. Sexual offences d.
the Official Secrets Act
assisting an offender / conspira-
Offences against
5. cy / perjury / contempt of court e.
justice
/ perverting the course of justice
obstruction of the police / unlaw-
ful assembly / obscenity / possess-
6. Road traffic offences f.
88 ing weapons / misuse of drugs /
breach of the peace
careless or reckless driving /
Crimes against prop-

7. drunken driving / driving with- g.
erty
out a licence or insurance
VII. a) Match the words/phrases 1-10 to the appropriate

definitions a-j.
officially decide in a court of law
1. insurance a.
that someone is guilty of a crime
an amount of money that you pay
2. premium b.
for insurance
when you pay a company money
A Practical Course
3. fraud c. and they pay the costs if you are ill,
have a car accident, etc.
give a legal punishment to some-
4. to file (a claim) d.
one who is guilty of a crime
the crime of deliberately making
5. to sue (someone) e. something burn, especially a build-
ing
start a legal process to get money
6. to guarantee f. from someone who has harmed
you in some way
make an official statement that 89
7. an appeal g. you are going to do something es-
pecially in a court
promise that something will hap-
8. arson h.
pen or be done
to convict when someone deceives people to
9. i.
(someone of) get money
when someone asks a higher court
to sentence
10. j. to change the decision of a lower
(someone to)
court
b) Complete the sentences with the words/phrases from ex-

ercise a) in the correct form.
1) She plans to ________________ the hospital after they gave
her the wrong operation. 2) Bailey was ___________ to three
years in prison for his part in the robbery. 3) We lost the case this
time but there’s going to be an ___________. We will never give
up. 4) I’m afraid that the cost of the annual ___________ has gone
up again. They say it’s because of the number of claims last year. 5)
My neighbor has been ___________ of shoplifting but luckily he
doesn’t have to go to prison. 6) Does this ___________ plan cover
things that are stolen from me while I’m on holiday? 7) Can you
___________ that this TV will be delivered before Christmas? It’s
very important. 8) They don’t think the fire was an accident. They
believe it was ___________. 9) Ted’s wife has ___________ for di-
vorce. He’s very upset about it. 10) He’s been arrested and charged
with ___________. Apparently, he pretended that an expensive
painting had been stolen to get the insurance money.
WRITING
1. Role play. Reporting a crime.
Student A – Victim
Your mobile phone was stolen by somebody an hour ago.
You must decide:
Where were you when it was stolen?
How did the thief take it?
Most importantly, you should give the police a detailed de-

scription of the thief. Tell them about:
• approximate age
• height and built
• face and hair
• clothes
Target Language Student A Target Language Student B

90 Describing appearance Asking indirect questions
the thief was … in his twenties/ Could you tell me …
quite tall. Can you explain …
She/he had … long dark hair/ Do you know …

brown eyes. … what happened exactly?
She/he was wearing … an old … where you were at the
pair of jeans/ a green T-shirt. time?
When you are not sure … what he looked like?
I can’t remember exactly … … what time it was?
I’m not sure …
I think she/he was …
She/he was probably …
When you have finished, ask the police officer to repeat the de-
A Practical Course
scription to check if it is correct.
Student B – Police Officer
You are a police officer. Student A needs help.
Listen and fill in the stolen item form. Ask any
questions you need to get all the information.
London Metropolitan Police – Stolen Item
Form B740
Name: Address:
Description of crim_____________________
What was stolen? Value(£):
91
Where was it stolen?
Date of crime: Time of Day:
What happened?
Description of thief_____________________
Age:
Height and built:
Face:
Hair:
Clothes:
2. Preventing Theft.
The teen theft prevention campaign addresses teen identity theft
and the theft of personal, portable property in schools. Young peo-
ple today are faced with theft in schools and universities (about
one-third of reported identity theft victims are between the ages of
18 and 29). In groups make up a plan of prevention posters which
can help teens learn how to protect their identities and possessions.
Choose a topic from given below.
Posters:
 “Teens: Protect Your Identity from Thieves”
 “A Teen’s Guide to Protecting Portable Property”
 “Identity Theft Prevention Poster”
 “Property Theft Prevention Poster”
3. a) Look at the picture composition below. Write a story
and give it a title.
b) Now, change the verbs to the Past Simple or the Past

92 Continuous and fill in the other gaps with one of the linking
words in the box in order to complete the story.
while finally and although however as soon as but then
before when
The Unlucky Burglar

One evening Paul (1 watch) ___________ the television (2)
_____________ (3 eat) __________ his supper (4) ___________
the door suddenly (5 open) ___________ and a burglar (6 come)
___________ in. He (7 wear) ___________ a mask and (8 carry)
___________ a sack. (9) ___________ doing anything else he (10
tie) ___________ Paul to the chair.
(11) ___________ he (12 go) __________ upstairs to look
for money. (13) ___________ he (14 not find) __________ any
A Practical Course
money he (15 find) __________ a lot of jewellery, which he (16
put) __________ into his sack. In his rush to get downstairs he
(17 not see) ___________ the dog which (18 lie) ___________
at the bottom of the stairs and he (19 fall) ___________ over
it, losing his glasses. (20) ___________ the burglar (21 look for)
___________ them, Paul (22 try) ___________ to free himself.
(23) ___________ Paul (24 manage) ___________ to escape and
he (25 phone) ___________ the police. (26) ___________ (27
find) ___________ his glasses he (28 run) ___________ out of
the house. (29) ___________ unfortunately for him, the police
(30 wait) ___________ for him at the end of the garden.
93
4. What did you learn? Complete the following diagram.
“Thief ” is a very general term. Write more specific names for a
thief in each space.
THIEF
INFO BOX
DEALING WITH AN EMERGENCY
In order to dial, rapidly, any emergency service like the fire
or rescue brigade, the police, ambulance and intervention in
case of gas network failure, the citizens of the Republic of Mol-
dova will use the unique emergency number – 112. The call will
be free of charge both from mobile or fixed phones.
Numbers for help and advice on health, your home or safety
• POLICE STATIONS
Dial 902 only in an emergency where there is danger to life
or a crime in progress. Local stations can provide helpful advice
about crime prevention and household security.
• FIRE BRIGADES
To get advice on fire safety, call the Fire Service 901 for de-
tails of your local station.
• HOUSEHOLD EMERGENCIES
If you have a problem with your electricity, gas or water sup-
ply which needs immediate attention, call one of these 24-hour
help lines:
• ELECTRICITY 43-11-11
• GAS If you smell gas anywhere, either in the house or in the
street, call 904
94 • WATER dial 957
• HEALTH
For immediate and confidential health advice and informa-
tion, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, please call:

Ambulance 903
Emergency medical advice 963
• OTHER EMERGENCY NUMBERS:
Veterinary assistance 295-648
Psychological assistance 770-441
Drug-abuse 294-079
Free of charge info services 1188
What details do you need to give when you phone 112?
A Practical Course
––Your full name (spell it out).
––Location (where the emergency is).
––What happened?
––How many people?
––Is anyone injured?
What can you say?
––Can you help me?
––I need some help.
––There’s an emergency.
––There’s been an accident.
Activity 1. Answer the following questions.

1. When there is an emergency we dial 112. What are the four 95
emergency services?
.................................. ...................................... ..................................
....................................
2. What is an emergency? .....................................................................
...................................................................................................................
3. What isn’t an emergency? ...............................................................
...................................................................................................................
4. When should you call 112? ..............................................................
...................................................................................................................
Activity 2. Write another sentence to say why you need help.

1. a) Can you help me?
...................................................................................................................
b) I need some help.
...................................................................................................................
c) There’s an emergency.
...................................................................................................................
d) There’s been an accident.
...................................................................................................................
2. a) Can you help me?
...................................................................................................................
b) I need some help.
...................................................................................................................
c) There’s an emergency.
...................................................................................................................
d) There’s been an accident.
...................................................................................................................
Activity 3. Role-play situations.

Caller:
You are walking home when you see a house on fire. A woman
runs from the house screaming that her 1-year old son is still
inside. Several people have suffered minor burns while escaping
from the fire. Add additional information as needed.
112 Operator:
You receive an emergency call from someone reporting a fire. Ask
questions about the location of the fire, its cause if known, num-
ber of injuries, etc.
Other possible situations:
 You are walking down the street when you see a car crash.
 You are in town when you witness a mugging.
 You look out of your window and see a fire.
 You are walking down the street and you see someone lying
on the grass. It is winter and they are not moving.
96
− What do you do?
− Which service do you phone?
− What do you say?

5. Corruption and bribery
A Practical Course
LEAD IN
• Poverty: In pairs/groups, talk about what it must be like to
live in poverty. What do poor people do every day? How often
are they happy? What do they think about their future? What
can they do to escape poverty?
• Corrupt people: What kinds of people are corrupt? In pairs/
groups, talk about how corrupt you think the following people
might be. What bad things could they do? Who suffers from
their corruption? Are these people corrupt in your country?
How about in other countries?
97
- A country’s leader - Doctors
- Police officers - Customs officers
- Journalists - Sports officials
- Local government officials - Election officials
VOCABULARY NOTES
 corruption, n. – dishonest or about their actions or conduct;
fraudulent conduct by those  to halve, vb. – divide into two
in power, typically involving parts of equal or roughly equal
bribery; the action or effect of size; reduce or be reduced by
making someone or something half; share (something) equally
morally depraved; with another person;
 declining, adj. – diminish in  to alter, vb. – to change or
strength or quality; deteriorate; make different; modify; cause a
 to warn, vb. – to inform transformation;
someone in advance of a pos-  to bestow, vb. – confer or
sible danger, problem, or other present (an honor, right, or
unpleasant situation; to give gift);
someone cautionary advice  merely, adv. – just; only;
 tip, n. – a small sum of mon- to conciliate, pacify, or bribe;
ey given to someone for per-  perk, n. – an advantage or
forming a service; a gratuity; benefit arising from a particu-
 sop, n. – something offered lar situation.
2. Use the new words and word combinations in sentences of
your own.
E.g. Tips are greatly appreciated in our restaurant.
READING
Corruption and Bribery
The global anti-corruption organization Transparency Interna-
tional (TI) has reported corruption is increasing around the world.
A TI press releases reports there is serious corruption in most of
the world’s countries. TI’s yearly survey questions businesspeople
and public officials to find out how corrupt a country is. Bang-
ladesh and Chad finished bottom as the most corrupt countries,
while Iceland finished the top. Finland and New Zealand were the
second and third cleanest nations. Corruption is declining in Tur-
key and Nigeria, but increasing in Russia and Canada.
TI chairman Peter Eigen said: “Corruption is a major cause of
poverty as well as a barrier to reducing it.” He also said corruption
and poverty lock people in a “cycle of misery”. Mr. Eigen warned
corruption must be reduced to free people from poverty. David
98
Nussbaum, TI’s chief executive, stated: “Corruption isn’t a natural
disaster: it is the cold…theft of opportunity from the men, wom-
en and children who are least able to protect themselves.” He also

said leaders needed to keep their promises to help poor people.
The world has made a target to halve extreme poverty by 2015.
Another problem connected to corruption is bribery, which
is seen as an act of giving money or gift giving that alters the be-
havior of the recipient. The bribe is the gift bestowed to influence
the recipient’s conduct. It may be any money, good, right in ac-
tion, property, object of value, advantage, or merely a promise or
undertaking to induce or influence the action, vote, or influence
of a person in an official or public capacity. Many types of bribes
exist: tip, gift, sop, perk, favor, discount, free food, free tickets, do-
A Practical Course
nation, fundraiser, sponsorship, higher paying job, secret commis-
sion or promotion.
Today, bribery laws generally bear certain common traits con-
cerning how bribery is to be treated. According to law these com-
mon traits are that bribery laws apply to both those giving bribes
and those accepting bribes equally and that they treat bribery not
as a misdemeanor, but as a felony.
COMPREHENSION
1. What does the abbreviation TI stand for?
2. What did Peter Eigen and David Nussbaum say about corrup- 99
tion?
3. What is bribery?
4. What other types of bribery do you know?
5. Name the common traits concerning how bribery has to be
treated nowadays.
II. Complete the sentences.

1) Transparency International’s yearly survey questions
_____________ and __________ __________ to find out how
corrupt a country is. 2) ____________ is declining in Turkey and
Nigeria, but __________ in Russia and Canada. 3) The education
they get is __________ in quality. 4) His father had ____________
him of what might happen. 5) Soft-boil 4 eggs and cool im-
mediately, peel and __________. 6) Another problem connect-
ed to corruption is __________. 7) Our outward appearance
___________ as we get older. 8) Gifts are ____________ upon
visitors, guests, and distant cousins alike. 9) Corruption is a major
cause of ____________.
III. a) True/False. Circle the True or False sentences.

a. An anti-corruption organization issued a report on T / F
world corruption.
b. Corruption is in poor countries only. T/F

c. Iceland is the least corrupt country in the world. T/F
d. Nigeria experienced increasing corruption. T/F
e. The report says corruption is a minor cause of pov- T/F
erty.
f. A top official said corruption was a natural disaster. T/F
g. The official said leaders must keep their promises to T/F
help poor people.
h. The world has a target to halve extreme poverty by T/F
2015.
b) Match the following synonyms from the text.

a. corruption media
b. increasing need
c. press stealing
d. survey top
e. declining rising
f. major aim
g. poverty falling
h. misery dishonesty
100
i. theft unhappiness
j. target questionnaire
c) Match the following phrases from the text (sometimes

more than one combination is possible):
a. global anti-corruption around the world
b. corruption is increasing officials
c. yearly least able to protect themselves
d. businesspeople and disaster
public
e. corruption is declining in organization
f. corruption is a major Turkey and Nigeria
A Practical Course
g. free people from halve extreme poverty by 2015
h. natural survey
i. women and children who poverty
are
j. the world has made a cause of poverty
target to
IV. Odd Word Out. Strike through the incorrect choice in

each group of three italicized words. Circle the correct word.
Corruption widespread in 70 countries 101

The global / worldwide / Earth anti-corruption organization
Transparency International (TI) has reported corruption is in-
creasing / rising / upping around the world. A TI press release
reports there is unsmiling / major / serious corruption in most
of the world’s countries. TI’s yearly / annoying / annual survey
questions businesspeople and public officials to find out how
corrupt a country is. Bangladesh and Chad finished last / bottom
/ least as the most corrupt countries, while Iceland finished the
top. Finland and New Zealand were the second and third cleanest
nations. Corruption is falling / failing / declining in Turkey and
Nigeria, but increasing in Russia and Canada.
TI chairman Peter Eigen said: “Corruption is a major cause of
poverty as well as a barrier / hurdle / carrier to reducing it.” He
also said corruption and poverty lock people in a “cycle / chain
/ lock of misery”. Mr. Eigen warned corruption must be reduced
to free / release / freedom people from poverty. David Nussbaum,
TI’s chief executive, stated: “Corruption isn’t a natural disaster: it
is the cold…steel / stealing / theft of opportunity from the men,
women and children who are least able to protect themselves.” He
also said leaders needed to keep / stick to / shake their promises to
help poor people. The world has made a target to halve / have / cut
extreme poverty by 2015.
V. a) Look up in your dictionaries/computers to find collo-
cates, other meanings, information, synonyms for the words
‘rich’ and ‘poor’.
• Share your findings with your partners.
• Make questions using the words you found.
• Ask your partner/group your questions.
b) In pairs/groups write down questions about corruption

and poverty.
• Ask other classmates your questions and note down their an-
swers.
• Go back to your original partner/group and compare your find-
ings.
• Make mini-presentations to other groups on your findings.
c) Look at the words below. With your partner try to recall

exactly how these were used in the text:
• anti- • cause
• increasing • lock
• yearly • free
• bottom • disaster
• Iceland • promises
102 • declining • target
VI. a) DISCUSSION ON THE ARTICLE (EX. IV).

STUDENT A’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to STUDENT B)

a. Did the headline make you want to read the article?
b. What do you think of corruption?
c. Do you think you are corruptible?
d. If you had a lot of power, would you think about moving money
into your bank account?
e. What kinds of corruption exist in your country?
f. What’s the biggest corruption scandal you can remember?
g. Do you think the world is becoming a more or a less corrupt
place?
h. How serious is corruption?
A Practical Course
i. What can be done to stop corruption?
j. Do you think your country’s leader is corrupt?
STUDENT B’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to STUDENT A)
a. Did you like reading this article?
b. What do you think about what you read?
c. What do you think causes corruption?
d. Why do you think corruption is rising in Canada?
e. How can the world stop corrupt leaders from putting aid mon-
ey in their own bank accounts?
f. How important is transparency?
g. Do you think corruption that increases poverty should be-
come a crime against humanity? 103
h. Do your country’s leaders always keep their promises?
i. Do you think the world can halve extreme poverty by 2015?
j. Did you like this discussion?
b) AFTER – DISCUSSION TASK. Join another partner/

group and tell them what you talked about.
a. What question would you like to ask about this topic?
b. What was the most interesting thing you heard?
c. Was there a question you didn’t like?
d. Was there something you totally disagreed with?
e. What did you like talking about?
f. Do you want to know how anyone else answered the ques-
tions?
g. Which was the most difficult question?
VII. a) Match the words on the left with their definitions on

the right.
1. a gift friendly and generous treatment and en- a.
tertainment of guests
2. a reward a benefit received as part of the arrange- b.
ments with your employer
3. a tip something given willingly without pay- c.

ment
4. a bribe a helpful act d.
5. a perk the ability to obtain favorable treatment e.
from someone
6. hospitality something given or received for doing f.
something good
7. a favor a small sum of money given to someone g.
for their services
8. influence something given or offered in return for h.
some, often dishonest, help
b) Now work in pairs. Match the 8 words above to one of

the following situations. If you think more than one answer is
possible, discuss the differences.
1. Your boss is retiring. The employees give her some beauti-
ful gold earrings at her leaving party.
2. You visit a foreign company to discuss a new contract. They
pay for a 5-star hotel and your expenses.
3. You want to build an extension to your house, but you need
permission from the local council. You give money to one of the
104 local councilors to make sure you get permission.
4. Your sales manager increases your business by 200% in a
year. You give him a new BMW.
5. After paying the salon, you give a little extra money to the
hairdresser who cut your hair.
6. You get a free lunch in the staff canteen every day.
7. You use your friendship with a member of the government
to make sure that you get a particular government contract.
8. You won’t be home in time to pick up your suit from the
dry cleaner’s. You ask a friend to get it.
VIII. CORRUPTION: Look at the types and examples of
A Practical Course
corruption below. Decide how serious each type of corruption
is and what the penalty should be.
PENALTY
TYPE EXAMPLE
Person Y gives a customs officer

Bribery $100. The customs officer allows

person Y to take illegal drugs into
the country.
A construction company boss
wants to win a construction con-
Extortion
tract. He uses threats and violence
(blackmail) 105
against a local politician to get the
contract.
A head of department in a com-
pany wants to help his friend get a
Favoritism good job. He chooses his unqual-

(nepotism) ified and inexperienced friend for
an available job instead of highly
experienced and qualified people.
The United Nations gives emer-
Embezzle- gency aid money to country X.
ment The leader of country X puts a lot
(stealing) of the money in his personal bank
account.
A top politician who is on the
Conflict of board of directors of an oil compa-

interest ny. He uses his power to win the oil
company a major contract.
A drug company executive lies to
a newspaper reporter about an im-
Fraud
pending outbreak of a virus. That
(cheating)
information increases the price
and sales of drugs.
Illegal A tobacco company executive gives

“gifts” of an illegal $100,000 to a political
money to party. The political party has sug-
political gested it might cut taxes on ciga-
parties rettes.
Show each other your penalties and reach agreement on just

one penalty for each type of corruption.
WRITING
1. VOCABULARY EXTENSION: Choose several of the words
from the text. Use a dictionary or Google’s search field (or anoth-
er search engine) to build up more associations/ collocations of
each word.
2. INTERNET: Search the Internet and find more information
on the organization Transparency International. Share your find-
ings with your class in the next lesson.
3. POVERTY: Make a poster showing the places in the world
where people suffer from extreme poverty. Think of some solu-
tions to help the world’s poor people escape from poverty. Show
your posters to your classmates in your next lesson. Did you all
think of similar solutions?
106 4. LETTER: Write a letter to the leader of your country. Tell
him/her your concerns about corruption in your country. Make
suggestions on how to fight corruption. Show what you wrote
to your classmates in the next lesson. Did you all write about or
suggest similar things?
INFO BOX
A Practical Course
POLITICIANS ON CRIME
A. Politicians on crime
Politicians often make speeches about crime. Here are some
extracts from recent ones.
“In the fight against crime we will not just target serious
crime, but all crime, including street crime and vehicle crime,
so that the streets will be safer for everyone.”
“If someone breaks into your house, steals your car, or
robs you in the street, then of course you feel society has let
you down. That’s why we are determined to tackle crime.”
“We are doing everything in our power to combat crime. 107
The crime rate has come down, and that is because we have
put 10,000 more police officers on the streets and focused on
juvenile crime*, because that is where the problem begins.”
*crime relating to young persons not yet old enough to be con-
sidered adults
“This government is doing very little to fight crime. We have
all had some experience of the recent crime wave in our cities,
whether it is petty crime* or more serious offences.”
*crime not considered serious when compared with some other
crimes
“The crime figures are the worst since 1995. We have had
a spate* of burglaries in this part of city, vehicle theft, drug
abuse, and so on, and police have reported a staggering in-
crease in the number of acts of mindless vandalism. It is time
the party in power did something.”
*large number of events, especially unwanted ones, happening
at about the same time
ERROR WARNING: Don’t forget the difference between
steal and rob. A person steals something, e.g. He stole a car/
some money, but robs someone or an institution, and e.g. She
robbed an elderly person / a bank. Steal is often used in the pas-
sive, e.g. My car was stolen.
B. Talking about criminals

Note the collocations in these news clips.
The Judge, Mr. Newell, said that Hickey was a hardened
criminal* who had committed 12 serious offences. He or-
dered that Hickey should serve a sentence of at least 15 years
in prison.
*someone who had committed a lot of crimes
The lawyer for the prosecution, Mr. Arthur Larchwood, stat-
ed that Henry Banks was already a convicted criminal* when
he was appointed chairman of the company but that nobody
knew this fact. He had a conviction for robbery dating back
to 1986.
*someone declared officially in a court of law to be guilty of a
crime
The justice Minister said that the men were not political
prisoners but were common criminals* who had committed
acts of terrorism.
*low class criminal, negative term
The judge said it was vital that anyone with a criminal re-
cord* should not be able to get a job where large sums of mon-
ey were placed in their care. Charles Amsworth, 26, had served
two years in a prison for young offenders ten years ago before
108 working for the bank.
*list kept by the police of someone’s previous crimes
EXERCISES
1. Find a collocation in B that matches each definition.
• a school child who commits a crime.
• someone who has been found guilty of a crime in a court of law.
• to spend time in prison as punishment.
• to do something that is against the law.
• someone who is imprisoned for what they believe.
• someone who has committed a crime (a disapproving term).
• a document stating that someone has been found guilty in a
court of law.
2. Match the headlines from a local newspaper with the first
A Practical Course
lines of their stories.
1. JUVENILE CRIME 80-year-old Marianne Roberts a
RISING had her house broken into and
some money and jewellery
stolen while she was asleep in
front of the TV last night.
2. DRUG ABUSE An increasing number of b
SCANDAL young people are getting
involved in criminal activity
according to a report pub-
lished yesterday.
109
3. PETTY CRIME CON- So many cars have recently c
TINUES been stolen in the city that
the police are launching a
special campaign to tackle the
problem.
4. POLICE TARGET A detailed report on crime in d
VEHICHLE THEFT the UK is to be published later
today.
5. PENSIONER Small-scale robberies remain e
ROBBED a significant problem in this
area and police are concerned
that the problem may soon
become more serious.
6. CRIME FIGURES A number of TV celebrities f
OUT TODAY have been named as having
attended a party where illegal
drugs were being openly used.
3. Fill in the gaps in this paragraph.

Police are concerned about the growing number of offences
that are being (1) _________ by young people in our town. They
say that increasing numbers of youngsters are (2) _________ into
people’s houses or (3) _________ their cars. Indeed, police claim
that it is probably young (4) _________ who are to blame for the
recent (5) _________ of burglaries in our town. Police are pro-
posing a special campaign to (6) _________ the problem and are
asking for the public’s support in this (7) _________ against (8)
_________ crime.
4. Answer these questions.

1. Would you feel pleased or worried if there were reports of a
crime wave in your area?
2. What sorts of crime might be considered as petty crime?
3. If the police are targeting serious crime, what are they doing?
4. What word could replace tackle in this sentence? The police are
doing all they can to tackle petty crime in the city center.
5. What does the phrase an act of terrorism mean?
6. Which of these words could complete the phrase a state of…
(robberies, young offenders, drug abuse)?
7. Give an example of mindless vandalism.
5. Do researches on the topic “Politicians on crime”.
110
6. Law breakers
A Practical Course
LEAD IN
• Why do people commit crimes? Write down as many

reasons for committing crimes as you can think of.
• Is there a problem with organized crime or gangs where you
live?
• What makes some people become criminals? Is it poverty,
upbringing, lack of education, unemployment or something
else?
• If your friend has committed a serious crime, how would
you act? Would you report to the police or not? 111

VOCABULARY NOTES
 common law, n. – the system typically before a jury, in or-
of laws based on court deci- der to decide guilt in a case of
sions, on the doctrines implicit criminal or civil proceedings;
in those decisions, and on cus-  perpetrator, n. – a person
toms and usages rather than on who is responsible for; com-
codified written laws; mitted a crime; an offender; a
 sophisticated, adj. – very wrongdoer; a culprit;
complex or complicated;  conspiracy, n. – a secret plan
 evidence, n. – information by a group to do something
drawn from personal testimo- unlawful or harmful;
ny, a document, or a material  accessory, n. – one who in-
object, used to establish facts cites or abets a lawbreaker in
in a legal investigation or ad- the commission of a crime
missible as testimony in a law (or after the commission of a
court; crime) but is not present at the
 trial, n. – a formal exami- time of the crime;
nation of evidence by a judge,  to procure, vb. – persuade or
cause (someone) to do some- or cancel an order issued by
thing; (another person);
 to advise, vb. – to offer advice  to escape, vb. – break free
to; counsel; to recommend; from confinement or control;
suggest; elude or get free from (some-
 to countermand, vb. – revoke one).
2. Use the new words and word combinations in sentences of
your own.
E.g. Two burglars have just escaped from prison.
READING
Law Breakers
The common law created a sophisticated system for determin-
ing the liability of all persons involved in the commission of a
crime. When, where, and how the various parties could be pros-
ecuted, and the use of evidence at trial, depended on the type of
participation.
The person who commits the crime is the perpetrator, the
principal (though two or more persons may be perpetrators, for
example, “group rape” or conspiracy). The person who plays a sec-
ondary role, assists the principal, is the accomplice or the acces-
sory.
112 Principals may be either in the first or in the second degree,
while accessories may be either before or after the fact.
A principal in the first degree is the person who actually did
the criminal act or was guilty of criminal omission, either with his
own hand or through an innocent agent, e.g. a child.
A principal in the second degree is the person who, without
actually taking part, is present at the commission of a crime. An
accessory before the fact is one who, without being present at
its commission, advises or procures it to be done, and does not
countermand it before it is done.
An accessory after the fact is one who assists or permits the
escape of the criminal.
Thus, accomplices may be charged with procuring an offence,
abetting, aiding or counseling. Sometimes aiding and abetting are
A Practical Course
regarded as meaning much the same thing.
The system has not solved all problems, because the line be-
tween committing a crime and aiding in its commission is a fine
one. Though principals and accomplices are usually considered
equally culpable, in practice judges often impose lighter sentences
on accomplices.
COMPREHENSION
1. What did the common law create?
2. Who is the perpetrator?
3. Who is called the accessory? 113
4. What do you know about principals?
5. How many types of accomplices do we have?
6. Why didn’t the system solve all problems?
II. Complete the following sentences according to the text.

1) The common law created a ______________ system for
determining the ______________ of all persons involved in the
commission of a ______________. 2) The person who commits
the crime is called the ______________ or the ______________.
3) The person who plays a secondary role is the ______________
or the ______________. 4) Principals may be either in the
___________ or in the ___________ degree, while accessories
may be either ___________ or ___________ the fact. 5) Accom-
plices may be charged with ___________ an offence, abetting,
aiding or ___________. 6) Though principals and accomplices
are usually considered equally ___________, in practice judges
often impose lighter ___________ on accomplices.
III. a) Match each word on the left with the appropriate
definition on the right.
Law breaker Definition
attacks and robs people, often in
1. an arsonist a
the street
2. a shoplifter sets fire to property illegally b
3. a mugger is anyone who breaks the law c
breaks into houses or other build-
4. an offender d
ings to steal
steals from shops while acting as
5. a vandal e
an ordinary customer
6. a burglar kills someone f
deliberately causes damage to
7. a murderer g
property
steals things from people’s pock-
8. a kidnapper h
ets in crowded places
gets secret information from an-
9. a pickpocket i
other country
10. an accomplice buys and sells drugs illegally j
takes away people by force and
11. a drug dealer k
114 demands money for their return
12. a spy helps a criminal in a criminal act l
13. a terrorist uses violence for political reasons m

causes damage or disturbance in
14. an assassin n
public places
hides on a ship or plane to get a
15. a hooligan o
free journey
takes control of a plane by force
16. a stowaway p
and makes the pilot change course
murders for political reasons or a
17. a thief q
reward
18. a hijacker is someone who steals r
A Practical Course
makes counterfeit (false) money
19. a forger s
or signatures
20. a robber is a member of a criminal group t
steals money, etc. by force from
21. a smuggler u
people or places
marries illegally, being married
22. a traitor v
already
is a soldier who runs away from
23. a gangster w
the army
brings goods into a country ille-
24. a deserter x 115
gally without paying tax
illegally carries drugs into anoth-
25. a bigamist y
er country
betrays his or her country to an-
26. a drug smuggler z
other state
b) Continue the following table with the words from Task

A where possible. The first few are done for you. Consult the
dictionary when necessary.
Crime Criminal Criminal act
treason traitor to betray
theft thief to steal
murder murderer to murder
c) Give the name of the defined law breaker.

1. steals thief
2. steals purses and wallets ___k______
3. gets money by threatening to dis- _ _ _ _ k _ _ _ _ _ _
close personal information
4. seizes airplanes __j_____

5. takes things from shops without _ _ _ _ _ i_ _ _ _
paying
6. kills people __r_____
7. steals from houses or offices ___g___
8. steals from banks or trains __b___
9. takes people hostage for a ransom ___n_____
10. steals government secrets ___
11. willfully destroys property v_____
12. marries illegally while being mar- b_ _ _ _ _ _ _
ried
IV. Choose the correct answer.

• This was one of the few crimes he did not ….. .
a) achieve b) commit c) make d) perform
• The ….. are still holding twelve people hostages on the plane.
a) bandits b) guerrillas c) hijackers d) kidnappers
• He was charged with a(n) ….. of currency regulations.
a) break b) breach c) disrespect d) observance
• Our insurance policy offers immediate ….. against the risk of
burglary, accident or damage by fire.
116
a) care b) cover c) relief d) security
• The man jumped out of the window and committed ….. .
a) death b) homicide c) murder d) suicide

• “ Thieves will be …… .”
a) liable b) lifted c) persecuted d) prosecuted
• Police blamed a small hooligan …… in the crowd for the vio-
lence which occurred.
a) constituent b) division c) element d) portion
• The police said there was no sign of a ….. entry even though the
house had been burgled.
a) broken b) burst c) forced d) smashed
• The police car raced down the street with the ….. blaring.
a) alarm b) bell c) gong d) siren
A Practical Course
• The tourist`s camera was …… because he had brought it into
the country illegally.
a) bereaved b) confiscated c) deprived d) extorted
• Look, Officer. I`m not drunk. I`m as …… as a judge.
a) calm b) clear c) sober d) steady
• He said he would sue us, but I don`t think he`ll …… his threat.
a) achieve b) bring about c) carry out d) perform
• The conspirators were plotting the ….. of the government.
a) catastrophe b) disaster c) demolition d) overthrow
• The thieves ….. the papers all over the room while they were
searching for the money.
a) broadcast b) scattered c) sowed d) strayed 117
• Ms. Goodheart was completely ….. by the thief ’s disguise.
a) taken away b) taken down c) taken in d) taken up
• The police caught the thief ….. .
a) in black andwhite b) in the red c) red-handed d) true blue
• He was arrested for trying to pass ….. notes at the bank.
a) camouflaged b) counterfeit c) fake d) fraudulent
• He offered me $500 to break my contract. That’s ….. .
a) blackmail b) bribery c) compensation d) reward
• The child was kidnapped by a notorious ….. of robbers.
a) crew b) gang c) staff d) team
• The burglar ….. silently into the room.
a) crept b) stood c) strode d) wandered
• The spy ….. the desk in an attempt to find the secret documents.
a) invaded b) kidnapped c) looted d) ransacked
• The safe deposit box ….. a high-pitched sound when it was
moved.
a) ejected b) emitted c) expelled d) excluded
• He ….. his fist and threatened to hit me.
a) clenched b) clutched c) grabbed d) gripped
• Thieves got away with a ….. of jewellery worth thousands of
pounds.
a) catch b) haul c) loot d) snatch
• The burglar’s presence was betrayed by a ….. floorboard.
a) cracking b) creaking c) crunching d) groaning
• Smugglers consistently ….. import regulations.
a) break b) flaunt c) float d) flout
• Luckily my wallet was handed in to the police with its contents...
a) contained b) intact c) missing d) preserved
• The intruder was badly ….. by the guard dog in the palace gar-
den.
a) damaged b) eaten c) mauled d) violated
• When the police examined the house they found that the lock
had been ….. with.
a) broken b) hindered c) tampered d) touched
• The hooligan ….. the money out of my hand and ran away.
a) clutched b) gripped c) snatched d) withdrew
V. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Bărbatul acela a fost acuzat de furt şi de uciderea unor
oameni nevinovaţi. 2) Toată noaptea ea a evitat să vorbească de-
spre accident. 3) Poliţistul mi-a recomandat să nu merg cu viteză.
4) El se întâlneşte cu complicele lui acum. 5) Mergeam la serviciu
ieri, când am văzut o casă în flăcări. 6) Am încercat adesea să îi
spun adevărul. 7) Am anunţat poliţia despre accident imediat ce a
avut loc. 8) Incendiul se răspândise şi la alte case înainte ca pomp-
118
ierii să sosească. 9) Când poliţia a găsit fetiţa, aceasta se plimba
singură pe străzi de ore întregi. 10) Ei sunt pe cale să facă o mare
greşeală.
VI. A crime is any act or omission (of an act) that violates

the law and is punishable by the state. Crimes are considered
injurious to society or the community. They include both felo-
nies (more serious offences – like murder or rape) and misde-
meanours (like petty theft or speeding).
A criminal is someone who commits a crime. Below are 12
phrases using the word criminal. Link each phrase to its defi-
nition.
Phrase Definition
A Practical Course
1. Court of Criminal a. Barrister or solicitor who specialises
Appeal in felonies and misdemeanours.
b. A person charged with or convicted
2. Criminal contempt
of crimes against humanity.
c. Previous crimes of which an indi-
3. Criminal negligence
vidual has been convicted.
d. Rules governing the investigation of
crimes, the arrest charging, and trial of
4. Criminal court accused criminals; and the sentencing
of those convicted (found guilty or a
crime). 119
e. One of the higher courts of law
5. Criminal forfeiture
which hears cases sent up for review.
f. Disorderly behaviour, disrespect, or
6. Criminal law obedience of a judge’s orders, particu-
larly during a trial.
g. A person who repeatedly commits
7. Criminal lawyer
offences.
h. Where an individual fails to exercise
8. Criminal procedure a duty of care and the resulting action
leads to the commission of a crime.
i. The branch of law which deals with
9. Criminal record
felonies and misdemeanours.
j. Study of the mental processes and
10. Habitual criminal behaviour of persons who commit
crimes.
k. A court with jurisdiction to hear fel-
11. Criminal liability
onies and misdemeanours.
l. Responsibility for committing a
12. War criminal crime (excluded persons include mi-
nors and insane).
VII. The story of Conny and Clive “Wanted for Bank Robbery”.
Put these words in the correct places: waited/arrested/pulled/
arrived/moved/looked/rushed/was/parked/started/stayed/killed/re-
plied/hurried/walked/pressed/asked/opened/fired/shouted/escaped/
dropped/watched/screamed
120
A Practical Course
VIII. Look at these situations, then decide which crime has
been, or is being, committed in each case. 121
1. TV Newsreader: Police believe the fire was started deliber-
ately at around 2 o’clock this morning when burning paper was
pushed through the letterbox. They are appealing for witnesses to
the event.
2. Crown Prosecutor: Tell us in your own words exactly what
happened.
Witness: We were in the bar when a man walked up to the vic-
tim, pointed a gun at his head and said “You’re a dead man”. Then
he pulled the trigger three times.
3. Police constable: You were going in excess of 60, and this is
a 30 zone.
Man in car: I think you’re mistaken, constable. I was well with-
in the speed limit.
4. Woman: When I got home, I discovered that my back door
had been broken open.
Police officer: Had anything been stolen?
Woman: Yes, my new laptop, £200 in cash and my pet parrot.
5. Police officer: I’m sorry sir, but I have to report your actions
to the proper authorities.
Man: Look, officer, here’s £50. Let’s just pretend this didn’t hap-
pen, eh?
6. Extract from a newspaper article: The two men were arrested
and detained after police checks revealed that they had been dis-
tributing pornographic material over the Internet.
7. Interviewing detective: All right, Dagsy. We know you didn’t
do the Cornmarket Street bank job yourself, but we know that
you were involved somehow.
Police suspect: I was just driving the car Mr Regan, honest. And
I didn’t know what the others were up to until they came back
with bags of cash.
8. TV newsreader: The car bomb went off in a busy market-
place, injuring several shoppers.
9. Radio newsreader: The police raided a house in New Street
this morning and recovered 250 illegal copies of the latest Harry
Potter film, along with professional film copying equipment.
10. Man reading newspaper: I don’t believe it. The Foreign Min-
ister has been caught giving government secrets to another coun-
try!
11. Political agitator: Now is the time to rise up and overthrow
the running dogs that call themselves our government. Death to
the Prime Minister and his cronies! Death to the Royal Family!
Death to the system that bleeds us dry and abandons us!
Unwashed anarchist hordes: Hooray!
12. Shop assistant: I can’t accept this £20 note, madam. It’s a
fake.
122
Customer: What? You mean it’s counterfeit?
Shop assistant: I’m afraid so. Do you have any other means of
payment?
13. Extract from a newspaper article: The investigation into the
rail accident confirmed that it occurred because the rail company
had failed to maintain the tracks properly over a five-year period.
Eight people died when the train left the tracks and hit an em-
bankment.
14. Police officer: Take your time and tell me what happened,
dear.
Pensioner: The man who came to my door said he had come
to read the electric meter, so I let him in. I went to the kitchen to
make him a cup of tea. When I returned he had gone, and so had
A Practical Course
my television.
15. TV newsreader: A journalist working in the city disap-
peared this morning. Police later received a note from a militant
faction claiming that they had taken him and were holding him
hostage.
16. Woman: The graffiti around here is getting really bad. Last
week somebody wrote “Chelsea are rubbish” on our garden wall.
Man: That’s not good. It should say “Chelsea are complete rub-
bish”.
17. Man: Look at this note, Cheri. It arrived in the post today.
It says “Leave £10,000 in cash in the bin by the bus stop, or I’ll tell
everyone your dirty secret”. 123
Woman: Don’t worry about it, Tony. It’s probably another little
joke from him next door.
18. Prosecuting lawyer: Tell us again what happened on the
night of the incident, Mr Williams. And let me remind you that
you are still under oath.
Defendant: Like I told you, I was at home asleep, so I have no
idea what happened.
Prosecuting lawyer: Don’t lie, Mr Williams. We have video ev-
idence that you were in the nightclub until 3am. And you were
seen by several witnesses.
19. Defendant: I don’t recognise this court. This trial shouldn’t
be taking place.
Judge: Sit down, Mr Dowling. You are out of order.
Defendant: Oh shut up, you silly old woman. Go back home
and do some washing up or something.
20. Accountant: We’ve audited these accounts very carefully,
and they just don’t add up.
Office manager: What exactly are you saying?
Accountant: I’m saying that someone in your office has been
secretly helping themselves to company money.
WRITING
1. Write the story below. Give it a title. The words will help you.
Photo 1. Last night, Louis Karpinski/ middle-aged widower/ street

in Kansas City; He/ briefcase/ umbrella; There/ nobody else/ two
men; They / side street; One/ big/ dark hair; The other/ thin / bald
head.
Photo 2. They/ few seconds and/ walk/ slowly/ silently/ Mr. Karpin-
ski; The big man/ hold/ behind; the thin one/ try/ steal/ Mr. Karpin-
ski briefcase.
Photo 3. Suddenly, Mr. Karpinski/ big one/ shoulder; He/ collide
with/ thin one; They/ land/ pavement; Mr. Karpinski/ hit/ umbrella
and/ walk/ quickly away.
Photo 4. The two astonished men sit/ ground; Mr. Karpinski/ cross/
street toward/ door/ painted sign; Mr. Karpinski/ stop/ turn/ laugh/
walk into/ Kansas City Karate Club.
124
2. Work in pairs or groups. Imagine you are burglars or
bank robbers, what plans must you make if you want to suc-
ceed?
3. Prepare a report on the topic: “Famous Criminals”.

• If you steal for others, you shall be hanged yourself.
• A bean in liberty is better than a comfit in prison.
5. Complete the puzzle on Crime.
A Practical Course
125
Across Down
1. To kill a human being with- 1. The unlawful premeditated
out planning. killing of a human being.
3. A place where criminals are 2. Metal rings that attach to
held. wrists to keep criminals (or the
5. To destroy property for fun. accused) from escaping.
6. To take into police control. 4. A police officer responsible
8. The opposite of guilty. for solving crime.
9. To have a weapon. 7. A.K.A stands for “also
11. A decision made in court. as.”
13. The act of taking things or 10. Information that proves
people to or from a place se- someone is guilty.
cretly and illegally. 12. A person who steals from a
16. Money that a person pays building.
for breaking a law. 14. A person who sees a crime.
17. To attack and rob someone 15. The crime of setting fire to
in a public place. someone else’s property.
18. To steal things out of pock-
ets or bags secretly.
19. The group of people in a
court which decides someone’s
fate.
INFO BOX
DOMESTIC ABUSE
Hurting the one you love
a. Read the text below and answer the questions.
Steve overslept one morning and missed the bus for work.
It happens to everyone sometimes but it is a nuisance. He had
to get the next bus and this time his boss wanted to have a
word with him because he had been late more than once. Steve
listened to his boss and did not say a word. All day long he
thought about it. Ideas went round and round in his head. He
was late. He was angry because he was late. Why was he late?
Why was he angry?
1. What is “a nuisance”?
2. Has it ever happened to you?
3. Why do you think Steve did not “say a word”?
4. Do you think Steve is a happy or unhappy person? Why?
b. Put the 5 sections below in the correct order.
1. That evening he arrived home and found that the chil-
dren were making a lot of noise playing in the living room.
Both children were under five years old. Dinner was not ready.
2. She had had to clear it up and she had not spoken to
another adult all day long. Helen felt that she just could not do
126
everything herself.
3. He had been working hard all day long and he expected
his dinner to be ready when he came home. He wondered what

on earth Helen had been doing all day.
4. Helen became angry, too, and shouted at Steve. She had
a headache because the children had been noisy and naughty
all day long, the washing machine had broken down and water
had emptied all over the kitchen floor.
5. Feeling really tired he went straight to the sitting room
and sat down but his wife, Helen, asked him to go to the kitch-
en to help her prepare dinner. Now Steve was angry again and
he started to argue with Helen because cooking was her job,
not his.
A Practical Course
c. Look at the words for parts of the body. Put them in the
correct place.
heart hands face feet forehead finger face palm
hand shoulders
Steve stood up and yelled at Helen. He wanted her to shut
up. She yelled back that she wouldn’t be quiet because every
evening he was in a temper when he came home from work.
He marched up to and told her he would show her his temper.
She screamed:
“Just go ahead then. That’s all you’re good for!”
Steve began to get red in the .................. and his .....................
began to clench into fists. He shouted: “Just shut it! OK? That’s 127
enough!” Helen shouted back because she was at the end of
her tether and she felt he really was a useless sod. Steve began
to bounce up and down on the balls of his...................... . He
could feel his ......................... thumping madly. His......................
was hot and tight. Helen yelled that she should have listened
to her mother because she always said that Steve was not good
enough for her. “A real man would know how to fix the wash-
ing machine. A real man would look after me and my children”.
Steven pointed his.................... at her and rushed across
the room towards her shouting wildly: “Just you shut up, you
nagging bitch!” He punched her...................... . She spat at him
and screamed: “That’s your answer for everything, isn’t it?” He
cuffed her hard with the .....................of his ......................., caus-
ing her to fall against the corner of the cooker. He grabbed
her by both ..................... and pulled her round to face him.
He shook her violently, shouting into her face: “Have you had
enough yet?” Helen burst into tears and Steve stepped back
shocked and humiliated.
d. Find words in the text to match the meanings given below

1) to cry with a lot of emotion -.....................................................
2) to say you are sorry -...................................................................
3) to ask and ask and to ask again -...............................................
4) noun describing when you are very angry -...........................

Steve had no idea how long he stood there while Helen
sobbed. Both children were standing by the door. They looked
so scared. Steve felt so sorry for what he had done and he apol-
ogized saying he didn’t mean to do it and would she please stop
nagging him all the time. Steve then told Helen she should not
take her temper out on him just because she had had a bad day.
e. Now read the conclusion.

Helen felt the bumps on her face and arms and continued
to sob. Steve bent down and helped her up saying: “Come on!
There’s nothing there. I hardly touched you”.
He led the children into the sitting room telling them that
their mother was OK and that she just fell and hurt herself.
Steve quickly settled the children down and got them playing
quietly. Steve returned to the kitchen to help Helen with the
dinner. Helen refused his help telling him to go and play with
the children because she really did not want him in the same
room as her. He hurt her again and at that moment she really
hated him.
DISCUSSION
• Tomorrow is another day. In two groups decide what advice you
128
would give Steve and Helen so that this situation does not happen
again. Report back to the class.
• Write a letter to either Steve or Helen giving them your advice.
Task 1. Is this domestic abuse?

Read and decide if the situation is domestic abuse or not. Also
as a group, decide what, in your opinion, the person should do.
a. Jason is 17 years old and he is still at school. He is angry with
his father because his father will not give him any more pocket
money. His father tells him he should wait until next week. He is
so angry that he punches his father in the stomach and calls him
names. His father is so scared he runs out of the house.
b. Jane and David were boyfriend and girlfriend. They have a
A Practical Course
small daughter called Abigail, who is 10 months old. David likes
to visit Abigail at the house where she lives with her mum, Jane.
Unfortunately, late one evening at around 11pm he comes to visit
Abigail and it is only when he is in the house that Jane realizes
that he is very drunk. She is carrying Abigail in her arms. She asks
him to leave and he refuses. He gets angry and pushes Jane. He
misses and he hits Abigail in the face.
c. Steven and Hazel have been married for 25 years. Hazel has
a very stressful job and she has come home feeling very tired. Ste-
ven feels that she has changed and she has no time for housework
or for him. He decides to take her out one evening and he tries
to talk to her in the car on the way home. She is furious and runs 129
into the house. She locks the door so he cannot get in and she says
that she will phone the police and tell them he assaulted her if he
does not go away and leave her in peace.
d. Martin is 16 years old. He is worried about his parents.
He feels that his Dad is always telling his Mum how bad she is.
One day, for example, his Dad as usual comments on his Mum’s
clothes: “You cannot go to work dressed like that! You look like a
tart. No wife of mine is going out wearing a skirt like that. I want
you to wear trousers to work. Go and get changed. Now!!! You
stupid woman. Why do you work anyway?”
Task 2. Rearrange the words below to make sentences.

1. also the Men be of domestic can victims violence.
...................................................................................................................
2. is help. It to get important
...................................................................................................................
3. your partner, If you arrested. may be
...................................................................................................................
4. depressed. Children angry, feel and can powerless
...................................................................................................................
5. people anger understand violence. Group work their and can
help
...................................................................................................................
6. abuses fault if It your your is you. partner not
...................................................................................................................
7. you is hit not loved easy that accept a to one. It
...................................................................................................................
8. to important most The someone. is tell thing
...................................................................................................................
9. abuse forms. many take can Domestic different
...................................................................................................................
10. you Are the hurting love? you people
...................................................................................................................
130
A Practical Course
Unit III. Court and trial
1. The court system in the united kingdom
LEAD IN
Before you read about the suggested topic, think of your
own judicial system:
• How is the administration of justice organized?
• What is the relationship between different courts? 131
• What are the role and position of judges and other lawyers
in our country?
VOCABULARY NOTES
 lay, adj. – of, relating to, or drawn from personal testimo-
involving the laity (all those ny, a document, or a material
persons who are not members object, used to establish facts
of a given profession or other in a legal investigation or ad-
specialized field); not of or be- missible as testimony in a law
longing to a particular profes- court;
sion; nonprofessional;  verdict, n. – a decision on an
 magistrate, n. – a civil officer issue of fact in a civil or crimi-
charged with the administra- nal case or an inquest;
tion of the law; a lay judge or  guilty, adj. – culpable of or
civil authority who administers responsible for a specified
the law (especially one who wrongdoing;
conducts a court dealing with  bench, n. – a judge or magis-
minor offenses); trate presiding over a particu-
 evidence, n. – information lar case;
 to appeal, vb. – apply to a  assizes, n. – a court which
higher court for a reversal of formerly sat at intervals in each
the decision of a lower court; county of England and Wales
 chairman, n. – a person cho- to administer the civil and
sen to preside over a meeting; criminal law;
the permanent or long-term  Chancery Division, n. – the
president of a committee, com- Lord Chancellor’s court, a divi-
pany, or other organization; sion of the High Court of Jus-
 county, n. – any of the admin- tice;
istrative or geographic subdivi-  Probate Division, n. – a spe-
sions of certain states, esp. any cial court with power over ad-
of the major units into which ministration of estates of de-
England and Wales are or have ceased persons, the probate of
been divided for purposes of wills, etc;
local government;  Admiralty, n. – a court exer-
 borough, n. – a town having cising jurisdiction over all mar-
a municipal corporation and itime cases;
certain rights, such as self-gov-  outer, adj. – located on the
ernment; outside; external.
READING
132 The Court System in the United Kingdom
In the English System three different types of institutions have
been set up to solve legal problems. These institutions are: Crim-
inal Courts, Civil Courts and Appellate Courts.

Criminal Courts are concerned with wrongs against commu-
nity. In England and Wales they include:
a. Magistrates Courts which try less serious offences. They
consist of two to seven unpaid or “lay” magistrates known as Jus-
tices of the peace. The Jury is made up of twelve ordinary people
aged between 18 and 65. When they have heard the evidence and
the judge’s summing-up, they retire to a special room to decide
whether to return a verdict of guilty or not guilty. If they all agree,
they have reached a unanimous verdict. If the accused is found
guilty, he or she has the right to appeal and ask for the case to be
A Practical Course
heard by a higher court.
b. Courts of Quarter Session try most of the serious offences.
These Courts are presided over by a bench of justices under a
chairman. The Courts of Quarter Session sit at least four times a
year in the counties and boroughs.
c. Courts of Assize generally try the gravest offences. These
Courts are branches of High Court. They are presided over by High
Court judges. There are such Courts of Assize in London, at the Old
Bailey, Central Criminal Court, at Liverpool and Manchester.
All trials at quarter session and assizes are held with a jury.
Civil Courts are concerned with rights, duties and obligations
of individual members of the community between themselves. 133
The courts concerned with civil jurisdiction in England and
Wales are 46.
a. Magistrates Courts are mainly related to domestic proceed-
ings. They have limited civil jurisdiction.
b. County Courts where the most ordinary civil actions are
heard and tried.
c. The High Court is divided into: the Chancery Division, the
Probate Division, the Divorce Division, Admiralty Division and
the Queen’s Bench Division.
The High Court forms part of the Supreme Court of Judicature.
In Scotland, civil cases of first instance are heard at the Sheriff
Courts (they correspond to the County Courts in England and
Wales) and the Outer House of the Court of Session (this one is
the Supreme Court in Scotland).
Appeals. They may be heard in the High Court, the Civil Di-
vision of the Court of Appeal (the most important appeals) and
a few appeals are heard before the House of Lords, this one being
the ultimate court of appeal in civil cases.
There is also another classification of these institutions:
Courts of First Instance in which cases are heard for the first time.
Appellate Courts in which people appeal for reconsideration
of the decisions of the Courts of First Instance.
As to the latest legal journals there are many English Courts
which exercise purely civil or criminal cases and some others
hear both criminal and civil cases, as for instance: the House of
Lords and the Court of Appeal.
COMPREHENSION
1. Name the institutions set up to solve legal problems in UK.
2. What are Criminal Courts concerned with?
3. What is the difference between Magistrates Courts, Courts of
Quarter Session and Courts of Assize?
4. What are Civil Courts concerned with?
5. What is the difference between Magistrates Courts, County
Courts and the High Court?
6. Where are heard civil cases of first instance in Scotland?
7. Where may the appeals be heard?
II. Complete the following sentences.

1) There are many English Courts which exercise purely
__________ or __________ cases. 2) In sentencing the ___________
said the offences were so serious that custody was the only option. 3)
Without __________, they can’t bring a charge. 4) The __________ is
made up of twelve ordinary people aged between 18 and 65. 5) Yes-
terday the jury returned unanimous guilty __________ after nearly
134 seven hours of deliberation over two days. 6) The __________ closed
the meeting and thanked everyone for their attendance. 7) Prosecu-
tion lawyers now have two or three days in which they can ap-
ply to __________ against the decision. 8) Courts of __________

__________ are courts in which cases are heard for the first time.
9) The Courts of Quarter Session sit at least four times a year in
the __________ and __________.
III. Translate the following words into Romanian. Put them

in the correct order.
If you commit a crime you may be:
accused arrested charged convicted interrogated paroled
sent to prison suspected tried
IV. Choose the right answer.
A Practical Course
1. The … sentenced the accused to 15 years in prison.
a) barrister b) counsel c) judge d) solicitor
2. If you can’t resolve the dispute, it will have to be settled by … .
a) arbitration b) court c) election d) referee
3) His comments … little or no relation to the facts of the case.
a) bear b) give c) possess d) reflect
4) They all thought he was guilty, but no one could … anything
against him.
a) accuse b) ensure c) point d) prove
5) It has been decided to hold a Public … into the cause of the
accident.
a) Autopsy b) Examination c) Inquiry d) Interrogation 135
6) To protected victims of blackmail their names are often … in
court.
a) covered b) erased c) hidden d) not given
7) The youth involved in the disturbance at the demonstration
made a(n) … to the police.
a) account b) notice c) statement d) summary
8) I … to say anything unless I am allowed to speak to my solic-
itor.
a) deny b) neglect c) refuse d) resist
9) I should like to call two … who can testify on my client’s behalf.
a) witnesses b) onlookers c) passers-by d) spectators
10) You are surely not suggesting that these … young children
could have planned such and evil deed.
a) innocent b) lovely c) natural d) pure
11) The case against Mary Wrongdoer was … for lack of evidence.
a) discarded b) dismissed c) refused d) resigned
12) The new law comes into … on May 15.
a) condition b) date c) force d) power
13) The … question in this case is whether the accused had a mo-
tive for this crime or not.
a) crucial b) forcible c) supreme d) valuable
14) The driver admitted that the accident was partly his own…
a) blame b) cause c) evil d) fault
15) In fact, the murderer was … from the country before extradi-
tion proceedings could be started.
a) barred b) deported c) exported d) interned
16) The suspect man has a … on his right cheek.
a) point b) scar c) sign d) trace
17) It is a criminal offence to … the facts.
a) express b) oppress c) repress d) suppress
18) At the end of the trial he was … of murder.
a) condemned b) convicted c) convinced d) penalized
V. Put each of the following words and phrases into its cor-
rect place in the passage below.
acquit civil suits counsel court cross-examination
fault guilty judge jurors jury legal disputes
legislature list money officer panel sentence
swear testimony trial witnesses accused
Trial by Jury
A jury is a selected group of laymen that hears the ….. in …..
and decides the facts. A courtroom trial in which a ….. decides
the facts is called a ….. by jury. Before each ….. term, a jury com-
missioner or another public ….. prepares a panel, or large initial
….. of qualified jurors. For each trial, ….. are selected by lot from
136
this ….. . Before the trial begins, the jurors ….. to decide the facts
fairly. They hear the ….. given by witnesses for both sides, includ-
ing ….. . Then ….. for each side sum up, or summarize the case,
and the ….. explains the applicable law in his instructions to the
jury. In ….. for financial damages, the jury must decide who is at
….. and must determine the amount of ….. to be paid. In crim-
inal cases, the jury must decide whether or not the ….. is guilty
“beyond a reasonable doubt”, and then either return a verdict of
guilty, or ….. the defendant by a verdict of not guilty. If the verdict
is ….. the judge imposes the ….. , or punishment, within limits
that have been fixed by the ….. .
VI. Match the words with their meanings on the right.
A Practical Course
1. a search warrant people who examine evidence to a
decide if a trial is necessary
2. charge (noun) legal permission to search b
3. grand jury members of a jury who hear evi- c
dence and come to a verdict
4. a trial an accusation of a crime d
5. testify people who give evidence e
6. guarantee promise or give assurance f
7. jurors money paid to guarantee that g
someone freed from jail will re-
turn to the trial 137
8. a unanimous the hearing of a case in court h

verdict
9. witnesses give evidence i
10. bail decision agreed on by everyone j
VII. a) Read the following text and choose the correct alter-
native in each pair.
Last year my house was broken into and (1) robbed/stolen. I
immediately informed the police. A police officer came to the
house and asked me to make a list of what had been (2) robbed/
stolen. I told him my neighbors had seen someone suspicious at
the time of the (3) forgery/burglary, so they had to go to the po-
lice station and (4) make/do a statement. About a month later the
police contacted me to say they had arrested a (5) defendant/sus-
pect. When the case came to court, I went to (6) give/tell evidence.
Of course, the man (7) admitted/pleaded not guilty. The (8) jury/
lawyer decided there was not enough proof to (9) try/convict him,
and he was (10) let off/let go.
b) Choose the most appropriate word underlined.

1. The police arrested Jack and took him into custody / detention
/ prison.
2. In most countries, the capital /death /execution penalty has
been abolished.
3. A man is said to be helping the police with their arrests/detec-
tion/inquiries.
4. The judge in the court was wearing a hairpiece/head-dress/wig.
5. Two football fans were later charged with aggression/ assault /
attack.
6. Less serious cases are dealt with in the criminal/juvenile/mag-
istrate’s court.
7. I was given a light sentence because it was my first case /charge
/offence.
8. The case was dismissed for lack of evidence/jury/witnesses.
9. “Members of the jury, what is your answer /summary /verdict?”
10. If the defendant pleads guilty he is sent to jail to await verdict/
sentencing.
11. After conviction a person has a right to charge/ to appeal.
12. When the charges are read the defendant is asked to consider/
plead them.
13. Indictment describes the verdict/ the crime of which the de-
fendant is accused.
14. A suspect may be freed on plea/ bail.
c) Give the definitions for the following terms and expres-

138 sions or explain them in other words:
– to release / free on bail – to convict
– trial – to acquit
– sentence – plea
– to book a suspect – information
– to charge – convicted
WRITING
1. Draw a diagram illustrating the classification of courts
and their role.
2. Comment on the following: “The law is the last result of

human wisdom acting upon human experience for the benefit of the
A Practical Course
public”.
3. Give a short characterization of the process of arresting

an offender, considering the following clues:
- the reasons for arresting that person;
- how you find the person to be arrested;
- who arrests that person;
- where the person is brought and judged;
- the procedure followed by the authorities;
- the sentence.
Your composition must have no more than 250 words.
139
4. Consider the main serious offences in Moldova and the
ways they are punished.
E.g. A woman sold some drugs to a teenager.
A man who murdered his wife and three children.
Some terrorists attacked a bus and killed 5 people.
5. Translate into English.

1) Dacă vei respecta totdeauna legea, prin urmare nu vei avea
probleme cu justiţia.
2) Procurorul îl acuză pe inculpat, iar avocatul îl apără. 3) Tre-
buie să pedepseşti şi să ierţi când este cazul. 4) Ba spune adevărul,
ba începe să inventeze fapte nereale. 5) S-a interesat cum s-a pro-
dus infracţiunea. 6) Justiţia achită pe cel care se dovedeşte nevi-
novat.
INFO BOX
WHAT ARE “MIRANDA WARNINGS”?

“You have the right to remain silent; anything you say can
be used against you....”, these are the words of the Miranda
warning which was created as a result of 1966 United States
Supreme Court case, Miranda vs. Arizona. It began when Er-
nesto Miranda was arrested at his home and taken into custody
to the police station, where he was identified by a witness as the
man who had kidnapped and raped a woman. Police officers
took Mr. Miranda into an interrogation room and two hours
later emerged with a written confession signed by Mr. Miranda
who also stated that the confession was made voluntarily and
with full knowledge of his legal rights. The officers, however,
failed to advise Mr. Miranda that he had a right to have an
attorney present.
The United States Supreme Court ruled that the confession

could not be used as evidence of Mr. Miranda’s guilt because
he was not fully advised on his legal rights, which included
the right to have his attorney present. The Fifth Amendment
to the United States Constitution states that no person can be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of
140
law. To ensure that other accused criminals are made aware of
their constitutional rights, The Supreme Court ruled that a sus-
pect who is taken into custody and interrogated must receive

a warning of the following rights: the right to remain silent,
that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law,
that he has a right of the presence of an attorney, and that if he
cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for him prior
to any questioning if he so desires. The “Miranda warning” is
now applied by law officers throughout the United States as a
result of this ruling.
DISCUSSION
A Practical Course
1. Do you think that Miranda decision has influenced American
law enforcement system a lot?
2. Miranda served primarily to protect uneducated suspects from
intimidating practice of police interrogation, didn’t it?
3. Speak on the suspects’ rights under arrest in Moldova.
141
2. Participants in a trial
LEAD IN
Role-play the dialogue:
John: Hello Tom! Glad to see you. Why are you so sad?
Tom: You see, John, I have a dispute with my neighbour, and I
do not know whom I must consult. Could you help me?
John: You will consult a solicitor in this case.
Tom: And when do people appeal to the services of a barrister?
John: People appeal to the services of a barrister when they
have more serious or difficult legal problems and they are
obliged to appear in a civil or criminal court of law or to sue
someone.
Tom: Well, tell me please, who represents them in court and
pleads their cases: a barrister or a solicitor?
John: A barrister does. Participating in a trial, a barrister may
be counsel for the plaintiff or counsel for the defendant.
Tom: Thank you John. Have a marvelous day!
VOCABULARY NOTES
142 1. Read, translate and memorize.
 straightforward, adj. – unin answer to the charge; ad-
complicated and easy to do or dress a court as an advocate on
understand; behalf of a party;

 dispute, n. – a verbal contro-  plaintiff, n. – a person who
versy; a debate; an angry alter- brings a case against another in
cation; a quarrel; a court of law;
 to sue, vb. – to institute legal  defendant, n. – an individual,
proceedings against (a person company, or institution sued or
or institution), typically for re- accused in a court of law;
dress;  to point out, phr. vb. – direct
 to plead, vb. – to declare one- someone’s gaze or attention to-
self to be (guilty or not guilty) wards, especially by extending
one’s finger; dence in a court of law in sup-
A Practical Course
 matter, n. – something which port of a contention or accu-
is to be tried or proved in court; sation; the obligation to prove
a case; one’s defence;
 sentence, n. – the punish-  evidence, n. – information
ment assigned to a defendant drawn from personal testimo-
found guilty by a court, or fixed ny, a document, or a material
by law for a particular offence; object, used to establish facts
 tax-payers, n. – a person in a legal investigation or ad-
who pays taxes; missible as testimony in a law
 summon, vb. – authoritatively court;
call on (someone) to be present  oath, n. – a solemn promise;
as a defendant or witness in a a sworn declaration, such as 143
law court; the promise to tell the truth, in
 burden of proof, n. – the ob- a court of law.
ligation to offer credible evi-
2. Use the new words and word combinations in sentences
of your own.
E.g. Each witness took the oath and then gave evidence.
READING
Participants in a Trial
The laws the Parliament makes have to be interpreted and this
is the job of the law courts (or courts of justice).
There are two distinct members of the English legal profes-
sion: the barrister and the solicitor. A person will consult a solicitor
if he needs the assistance of the law for a straightforward average
problem: a dispute with his neighbor, a divorce, selling a property,
making his will, setting up a business etc.
If, on the other hand, he has a more serious or difficult legal
problem which obliges him to appear in a civil or criminal court
of law or to sue someone, then he has to have the services of
a barrister. A barrister, and not a solicitor, will represent him in
court and plead his case.
Participating in a trial, a barrister may be counsel for the
plaintiff (Counsel for the Prosecution) or counsel for the defend-
ant (counsel for the Defence).
The court is presided over by a judge. His functions are to con-
duct the proceedings point out the matters to be clarified, put
questions to the parties and witnesses, examine the documents
and evidence, and rule the details of the procedure. He also makes
the summing-up to the jury (if it is involved), interprets the law
and passes the sentence.
All serious crimes are tried in a criminal court before a jury.
Sometimes juries may be found in civil cases too. A jury consists
of twelve persons. Most tax-payers (men and women alike) are li-
able to be summoned for jury service between the ages of 21 and
60. The jury returns the verdict “Guilty” or “Not Guilty” which
must be unanimous. If the jurors are unable to reach agreement,
the case must be retried before a new jury (in England and Wales).
The burden of proof in criminal cases generally rests on the
prosecution. It is for them to establish positively that the crime
was committed and that the accused committed it. According to
English law, a person accused of a crime must be supposed in-
nocent until his guilt has been proved. The officers of the court
or the press must not refer to the accused as “the thief ” or “the
murdered” before a sentence on him is passed.
Witnesses are brought to the court on the initiative of the par-
144
ties. When the case starts, the witnesses are asked to leave the
court. They are called in by the barristers. On giving evidence
the witness must not leave the court to prevent his uniting with
later witnesses. Evidence is given in the witness box (in the dock).
Before a witness goes into it, he is required to swear on oath. A
witness may tell only what he himself knows to be true. He must
describe what he saw, not what he heard from other persons. Un-
der English law, so-called “hearsay” evidence is not generally tak-
en into consideration.
A Practical Course
COMPREHENSION
1. What is the job of the law courts in England?
2. Name the two distinct members of the English legal profes-
sion.
3. When do people consult a solicitor?
4. When do people appeal to the services of a barrister?
5. Who represents people in court and plead their cases?
6. What can barristers do participating in a trial?
7. Who presides over a court?
8. What are the functions of a judge?
9. Where are tried all serious crimes? 145
10. What is the role of jury in the court?
11. Who are the witnesses and what do they do in the court?
12. Name all the participants of a trial in the law court.
II. Translate the following terms and expressions from Eng-

lish into Romanian and vice versa.
to conduct the proceedings a consulta un avocat
to plead the case avocat al apărării
to return a verdict conflict
to make the summing up avocat al acuzării (procuror)
to swear on oath avocat consultant
will a judeca un conflict
witness expert
to preside a demonstra
to set up reclamant
straightforward a indica
III. a) Fill in the gaps with a suitable word or expression.

1) Life was easy, _________________, and if he wanted some-
thing done, he just did it. 2) There are two distinct members of the
English legal profession _______________ and _______________.
3) While she had been in ___________ with the tax people about
a year-and-a-half ago, she believed the matter had been settled
and she was fully paid up. 4) A person will consult a solicitor if he
needs ___________ for a straightforward problem. 5) The com-
pany could be ___________ for damages. 6) A __________ and
not a solicitor will represent a person in court. 7) I went into court
and I __________ guilty to the charge of common assault. 8) The
court is ___________ by a judge. 9) The ___________ sued the
___________ claiming that he had been negligent in a number of
ways. 10) The judge __________ the law and __________ the sen-
tence. 11) As they drove, she played tour guide and __________
______ spots of interest in Dover. 12) All serious crimes are
__________ in a criminal court before a __________. 13) Her
husband is serving a three-year __________ for fraud. 14) Before
a witness goes into the __________, he is required to __________.
15) If the person __________ does not appear he may be arrest-
ed. 16) The jury __________ “guilty” or “not guilty”. 17) Without
______________, they can’t bring a charge. 18) Participating in a
trial, a barrister may be __________ __________. 19) He swore
on __________ to tell only the truth. 20) A person has to have the
services of a barrister if he __________ someone.
b) Translate into English.

Activitatea avocatului se realizează prin:
146
- consultaţii şi cereri cu caracter juridic, asistenţă şi reprezentare
juridică in faţa organelor de jurisdicţie, de urmărire penală şi de
notariat;
- apărarea cu mijloace juridice specifice a drepturilor şi intere-
selor legitime ale persoanelor fizice şi juridice in raporturile cu
autorităţile publice, instituţiile şi orice persoană;
- redactarea de acte juridice, cu posibilitatea atestării identităţii
părţilor, a conţinutului şi a datei actelor;
- orice alte mijloace şi căi proprii exercitării dreptului de apărare
in condiţiile legii.
IV. a) Form pairs of synonyms from the following words
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and expressions:
law courts witness box to force listening to bring
to court courts of justice to interpret witness dock de-
fendant hearing to oblige accused to explain to sue
b) Find antonyms for the following words and expressions:

− counsel for defence
− plaintiff
− guilty
− legal
− difficult
− ask 147
c) Group the following under two headings: 1. Civil Cases;

2. Criminal Cases.
Indebtedness theft kidnapping slander breach
of trust burglary murder armed robbery em-
bezzlement smuggling libel bribery divorce
d) Here are some expressions connected with a law-court

trial. Put them into the right order:
− to bring somebody to court
− to accuse somebody of something
− to return a verdict
− to give evidence
− to pass the sentence
− to arrest on a charge of…
− to plead guilty (not guilty)
− to commit a crime
− to prosecute
− to win (lose) a case
− to release on bail
V. a) Complete the words using definitions.
A person against whom a legal action is D_ _ _ N _ _ _ T
brought
A person who prosecutes on behalf of the P _ _ S _ _ _ _ _ _
state
A person found guilty and sentenced to _ _ N _ _ _ T
punishment
Having committed an offence, responsible _ U I_ _ _
for an offence
The punishment allotted to a convicted S E _ _ _ _ _ _
criminal
Formal accusation of a crime in law __A__E
b) Use the table to make up sentences. Mind Passive Voice.

to sentence to of kidnapping
to send to prison before a judge
to fine in court
John Smith to be kept with theft
to be accused of murder
148 to be charged in custody

to appear for life
to be brought 500$
to be convicted 5 years
c) Find the odd word out.

1. Defendant – convict – accused – prosecutor;
2. Defendant – defence counsel – prosecutor – judge – law;
3. Evidence – witness – experts – not guilty;
4. Indictment – verdict – sentence – arrest.
VI. Insert one of the following words into the text about
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presumption of innocence in an appropriate form.
innocent to acquit guilt the prosecution a reason-
able doubt standard
In criminal cases, the defendant is presumed ___________
until ___________ proves each element of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt. Thus, the law requires the jury ___________
the defendant unless it is convinced of the defendant’s guilt be-
yond ___________. The jury in a criminal case may not convict
on a finding that the defendant’s ___________ is more likely than
not. On the other hand, the law does not require absolute certain-
ty. The standard for determining guilt is somewhere in between
these two ___________ of proof. 149
VII. Choose the correct version, looking the new words up

in the dictionary.
1. Any witness shall take an oath that the .................. he/she is
about to give shall be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but
the truth.
a) confession b) testimony c) verdict d) statement
2. To .................... means to go or intrude on the property, privacy,
or preserves of another with no right or permission.
a) trespass b) forge c) break in d) burgle
3. .................. is defined as giving or promising to give a public
official something of value with a corrupt intention to influence
the official in the discharge of his or her official duty.
a) Forgery b) Larceny c) Bribery d) Perjury
4. ..................... is the false making or altering of any document
that either has legal significance or is commonly relied upon in
business transactions.
a) Deceit b) Smuggling c) Corruption d) Forgery
5. Since the defendant did not have a criminal record, he got away
with a small ........... .
a) ransom b) punishment c) fine d) ticket
6. Many civilized countries have long abolished the death ........… .
a) penalty b) punishment c) conviction d) sentence
7. A threat of attack to another person, followed by actual attack
which need amount only to touching with hostile intent is called
.................... .
a) rape b) assault and battery c) threat d) vandalism
8. The defendant was able to prove his innocence at the trial and
was ..................... .
a) absolved b) acquitted c) forgiven d) pardoned
9. The judge recommended more humane forms of punishment
for juvenile ..................... .
a) convicts b) villains c) sinners d) delinquents
10. The police have to ................... the law, not to take it into their
own hands.
a) press b) break c) force d) enforce
VIII. a) Insert one of the following words into the text in an

appropriate form.
to examine, to inspect, to supervise indictment, supervision, court,
direction, prosecution, speech, fixed
Prosecutor’s job is complicated and has different … . First of

all he … comprehensive, impartial and full investigation of cases.
150 He also approves the … . In court he presents public …, his rights
in the trial are the following: to submit and … evidence, to ques-
tion witnesses, to challenge the members of the … . At the end of
court hearing he pronounces his … for the prosecution where he

explains applicable criminal law and … punishment. One more
duty of the prosecutor is … over the observance of laws by penal
system. For this purpose he … places of confinement, questions
convicts, checks living and working conditions and so on.
b) Look through the list of functions performed by the

prosecutor. Put them in order they are performed. Translate
these word combinations into Romanian.
1) to pronounce speech for the prosecution;
2) to question the defendant;
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3) to interview witnesses;
4) to study the documents to the case;
5) to submit evidence;
6) to examine evidence accumulated by an investigator;
7) to appeal against a court decision in a higher court.
c) Using the list above tell about the prosecutor’s responsi-

bilities in situations of your own.
WRITING
1. Role-play. Student A is a police officer and student B is a
suspect. Make up a dialogue. The replies below will help you. 151
Questions from law breakers or suspected criminals
− Why did you pull me over?
− Have I done something wrong?
− Is this illegal?
− What are my rights?
− Can I call a lawyer?
− Where are you taking me?
− Can I make a phone call?
Questions police may ask a suspected criminal
− Are you carrying any illegal drugs?
− Do you have a weapon?
− Does this belong to you?
− Whose car is this?
− Where were you at eight last night?
Informing someone of laws and police procedures
− You are under arrest.
− Put your hands on your head.
− I am taking you to the police station.
− Please get in the police car.
− You will have to pay a fine for this.
− I will give you a warning this time.
− I’m going to write you a ticket.
− We’ll tow your car to the station.

− Smoking in restaurants is illegal in this country.
− It is against the law to do drugs in public.

• At court, everyone for himself.
• Truth has a scratched face.
• A lawyer opinion is worth nothing unless paid for.
3. Imagine that you are a prosecutor.
A. Give instructions to a young investigator who has just been
appointed to the post. Use the following key-words:
To be a good actor; patient; calm;
direct questions; one question at a
To ask
time; continually;
To dominate the situation;
psychological gestures; several lines of
To use
attack;
To change the line often;
To prepare a list of questions;
your mood; emotions; the interroga-
To control
tion;
152
To demand the truth;
To let the suspect think that you know all
B. Question a prisoner. Start your questions with: 1) what (at

least 5); 2) when (at least 3); 3) where (at least 3); 4) who (at least
2); 5) how oft en (at least 2); 6) how many (at least 2).
C. Question a witness of the prosecution. Start your questions
with: 1) what (at least 4); 2) when (at least 3); 3) where (at least 3);
4) whom (at least 2); 5) who (at least 2); 6) how (at least 2).
D. Question a witness of the defense. Start your questions with:

1) what (at least 4); 2) when (at least 3); 3) where (at least 3); 4)
who (at least 2); 5) whom (at least 2); 6) how (at least 2).
A Practical Course
E. Compose a speech for the prosecution at the trial over an
accused of murder:
a) which was committed during hunting;
b) which was committed at self-defense;
c) of his wife during family brawl;
d) of his friend who got a big sum of money.
4. Prepare reports on the following topic:

– “The Most Famous Spies of the XXI Century”.
153
INFO BOX
DO’S AND DON’TS FOR JURORS (Part I)
During trial
1. DO arrive on time. The trial cannot proceed until all ju-
rors are present. Do return to the courtroom promptly after
breaks and lunch.
2. DO pay close attention to witnesses. Concentrate both on
what the witnesses say and on their manner while testifying. If
you cannot hear what is being said, raise your hand and let the
judge know.
3. DO keep an open mind all through the trial. DON’T form
an opinion on the case until you and the other jurors have con-
ducted your deliberations. Remember that if you make up your
mind while listening to one witness’s testimony, you may not be
able to consider fully and fairly the testimony that comes later.
4. DO listen carefully to the instructions read by the judge
immediately before the jury begins its deliberations. Remem-
ber that it is your duty to accept what the judge says about the
law to be applied to the case you have heard. DON’T ignore the
judge’s instructions because you disagree about what the law is
or ought to be.
5. DON’T try to guess what the judge thinks about the case.
154 Remember that the judge’s rulings do not reflect personal views.
6. DON’T talk about the case with anyone while the trial
is going on, not even with other jurors. It is equally important
that you do not allow other people to talk about the case in
your presence, even a family member.
7. DON’T talk to the lawyers, parties, or witnesses about
anything. These people are not permitted to talk to jurors and
may appear to ignore you outside the courtroom. Remember
that they are not trying to be rude: they are merely trying to
avoid giving the impressions that something unfair is going on.
8. DON’T try to discover evidence on your own. For exam-
ple, never go to the scene of any event that is part of the case
you are hearing. Remember that cases must be decided only on
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the basis of evidence admitted in court.
9. DON’T let yourself get any information about the case
from newspapers, television, radio, or any other source. Re-
member that news reports do not always give accurate or com-
plete information. Even if the news about the trial is accurate,
it cannot substitute for your own impressions about the case.
If you should accidentally hear outside information about the
case during trial, tell the bailiff about it in private.
10. DON’T take notes during the trial unless the judge gives
you permission to do so.
11. DON’T attempt to ask witness any questions. If you
were to take part in asking questions, it might be hard for you
to remain impartial. In addition, because you are not trained in 155
the law, your questions might not be proper under the rules of
evidence. Most of your questions will be answered sooner or
later in the course of questioning by the lawyers.
12. DON’T express your opinion about the case to other
jurors until deliberation begin. A person who has expressed an
opinion tends to pay attention only to evidence that supports
it and to ignore evidence that points the other way.
DISCUSSION
• Who is the jury?
• What are the juror’s responsibilities?
• What qualities should a good juror have?
3. What happens during the trial

LEAD IN
• Have you ever given testimony in a court of law?
• Do you think sentencing a criminal to prison is always an
effective punishment?
• Do you think that men and women are punished the
same for the same crimes? Why (not)?
VOCABULARY NOTES
 testimony, n. – a formal writ- one; only;
ten or spoken statement, espe-  bias, n. – inclination or prej-
cially one given in a court of udice for or against one person
law; or group, especially in a way
 exhibit, n. – a document or considered to be unfair;
object produced in court and  deliberation, n. – long and
referred to or identified by a careful consideration or dis-
witness in giving evidence; cussion;
 to overrule, vb. – reject or dis-  foreman, n. – a person who
allow by exercising one’s supe- presides over a jury and speaks
156 rior authority; on its behalf;
 objection, n. – the formal  issue, n. – an important topic
registration of protest against or problem for debate or dis-
the admission of a piece of ev- cussion;

idence at trial, on the grounds  bailiff, n. – an official in a
of some legal defect; court of law who keeps order,
 sole, adj. – being the only looks after prisoners.
2. Work with your vocabulary notes or dictionary. Give

synonyms to the following words.
testimony exhibit sole deliberation issue

objection
3. Use the new words in situations of your own.
A Practical Course
READING
What happens during the trial
Events in a trial usually happen in a particular order, though
the order may be changed by the judge. The usual order of events
is set out below.
Step 1. Selection of the Jury.
Step 2. Opening Statements. The lawyers for each side will
discuss their views of the case that you are to hear and will also
present a general picture of what they intend to prove about the
case. What the lawyers say in their opening statements is not evi-
dence and, therefore, does not help prove their cases. 157
Step 3. Presentation of Evidence. All parties are entitled to
present evidence. The testimony of witnesses who testify at trial
is evidence. Evidence may also take the form of physical exhibits,
such as a gun or a photograph. On occasion, the written testimo-
ny of people not able to attend the trial may also be evidence in
the cases you will hear.
Many things you will see and hear during the trial are not
evidence. For example, what the lawyers say in their opening and
closing statements is not evidence. Physical exhibits offered by the
lawyers, but not admitted by the judge, are also to be disregarded,
as is testimony that the judge orders stricken off the record.
Many times during the trial the lawyers may make objections
to evidence presented by the other side or to questions asked by
the other lawyer. Lawyers are allowed to object to these things
when they consider them improper under the laws of evidence.
It is up to the judge to decide whether each objection was valid
or invalid, and whether, therefore, the evidence can be admitted
or the question allowed. If the objection was valid, the judge will
sustain the objection. If the objection was not valid, the judge
will overrule the objection. These rulings do not reflect the judge’s
opinion of the case or whether the judge favors or does not favor
the evidence or the question to which there has been an objection.
It is your duty as a juror to decide the weight or importance of
evidence or testimony allowed by the judge. You are also the sole
judge of the credibility of witnesses, that is, of whether their testi-
mony is believable. In considering credibility, you may take into
account the witnesses’ opportunity and ability to observe the events
about which they are testifying, their memory and manner while
testifying, the reasonableness of their testimony when considered in
the light of all the other evidence in the case, their possible bias or
prejudice, and any other factors that bear on the believability of the
testimony or on the importance to be given that testimony.
Step 4. The Instructions. Following presentation of all the ev-
idence, the judge instructs the jury on the laws that are to guide
the jury in their deliberations on a verdict. A copy of the instruc-
tions will be sent to the jury room for the use of jurors during
their deliberations. All documents or physical objects that have
been received into evidence will also be sent to the jury room.
Step 5. Closing Arguments. The lawyers in the closing argu-
ments summarize the case from their point of view. They may
discuss the evidence that has been presented or comment on the
credibility of witnesses. The lawyers may also discuss any of the
judge’s instructions that they feel are of special importance to
their case. These arguments are not evidence.
Step 6. Jury Deliberation. The jury retires to the jury room
to conduct the deliberations on the verdict in the case they have
158 just heard. The jury first elects a foreman who will see to it that
discussion is conducted in a sensible and orderly fashion, that all
issues are fully and fairly discussed, and that every juror is given
a fair chance to participate.

When a verdict has been reached, the foreman signs it and
informs the bailiff. The jury returns to the courtroom, where the
foreman presents the verdict. The judge then discharges the jury
from the case.
COMPREHENSION
I. a) Answer the questions.
1. What are the steps of a trial?
2. What can be considered as evidence?
3. Explain what is a physical
A Practical Course
exhibit? II. Complete the following
4. What are objections? sentences.
5. When can objections be 1) A strong case, accord-
made? ing to this view, includes the
6. Who can sustain or over- ____________ of an eyewit-
rule an objection? ness. 2) The defense attorney’s
7. What does the judge say in ____________ was overruled
the instructions? by the judge. 3) The jury was
8. Who presents closing argu- resuming its ____________ to-
ments? day to consider verdicts on two
9. What happens during jury remaining charges. 4) It was the
deliberations? ____________ speaking on be- 159
half of the jury, as I understand
b) Write down Romanian it, your Honour. 5) Resolving
equivalents for the words and the abduction ____________ is
expressions in italics given in an urgent matter. 6) The testi-
the text above. mony of witnesses who testify
at trial is ____________. 7) Many times during the trial the law-
yers may make ____________ to evidence presented. 8) If the ob-
jection was not valid, the judge will ____________ the objection.
9) The jury retires to the jury room to conduct the deliberations
on the ____________. 10) When a verdict has been reached, the
____________ signs it and informs the ____________.
III. a) Match the following people with their typical func-

tions and activities in a court of law.
argues that someone is guilty of
1. a defense lawyer a
committing a crime
2. a defendant gives testimony to the court b
listen to the facts/arguments, reach
3. a prosecutor a verdict, convict/acquit someone c
who is charged with a serious crime
listens to arguments, hears evi-

4. a judge dence, deals with crimes that are d
not serious
listens to arguments, hears evi-
5. a magistrate e
dence, sentences a guilty person
pleads guilty/not guilty, gives testi-
6. a witness f
mony
represents someone accused of a
7. the jury crime, argues that someone is not g
guilty of committing a crime
b) Label the picture!
160
Jury reporter court robe gavel jury box bailiff

transcript defendant witness bench judge prosecuting
attorney defence lawyer witness stand
c) Fill in the gaps by using the words in the box bellow.

punished proof guilty evidence (x2) sentenced
witnesses
Everyone knew that Tom was_________, and not innocent. There
A Practical Course
are many___________ who saw him leave Mr. Smith’s apartment
after the crime, his jacket was found on the back of the victim’s
car, and some of his hair was found on the floor in the victim’s
apartment. With all this__________ anyone would consider him
the criminal... anyone except for the judge, who declared him
innocent. Despite of all the _________, there was no_________
against Tom: his fingerprints weren’t found on the gun Mr. Smith
was murdered with. All the people in the courtroom thought
that he should be_________, and if you ask me, I would have
__________ for 50 years in prison... and I’m his lawyer!
IV. a) Answer the questions. Underline the correct variant. 161

a) What do you call the judge? Sir / Your Honor / Mr. Judge
b) What do you call the lawyer who helps the defendant? Defense
attorney/ Protector / Bob
c) What do you call the lawyer who works against the defendant?
Opposer / Prosecutor / Terminator
d) “Order in the court!” means: They want to order some food / Be
quiet / They want to play tennis
e) “The defense rests” means: They want to go home / they want to
sleep / they are finished asking questions
f ) An “exhibit” is: a painting / an object used in evidence / a statue
g) When a lawyer is unhappy with what they hear they say: “I
object!” / “Oh no, you didn’t!” / “I don’t think so!”
h) When the judge disagrees with the lawyer, he says: “Overruled.”
/ “No way.” / “Duh!”
i) When the judge agrees he says: “Right on!” / “Sustained.” /
“Way!”
b) Who says what? Write (J) Judge, (L) Lawyer, (B) Bailiff,
(W) Witness, (D) Defendant or (Jr.) Jury:
1) “You may be seated.” ___ 13) “Have you reached a ver-
2) “Do you swear to tell the dict?” ___
truth, the whole truth and 14) “How do you plead?” ___
nothing but the truth?” ___ 15) “Guilty!” ___
3) “I do.” ___ 16) “Not guilty!” ___
4) “I object!” ___ 17) “Do you recognize exhibit
5) “Overruled.” ___ A?” ___
6) “Sustained.” ___ 18) “May I call my first wit-
7) “Call your next witness.” ___ ness?” ___
8) “Could you please de- 19) “The evidence will show…”
scribe…” ___ ___
9) “Please raise your right 20) “The defense rests.” ___
hand.” ___ 21) “I’d like to call...” ___
10) “You may answer the ques- 22) “We find the defendant...”
tion.” ___ ___
11) “You may cross-examine.” 23) “Do you have an alibi?”__
___ 24) “All rise. This court is now
12) “Do you recognize…?” ___ in session.” ___
c) Read then role-play the following dialogue!

162 BAILIFF: All rise. This court is now in session.
JUDGE: You may be seated. This case is Smith vs. Jones. Mr. Smith
alleges that Mr. Jones broke his priceless vase. Mr. Jones, how do
you plead?
MR. JONES: Not guilty, Your Honor.
JUDGE: Mr. Prosecutor, you may call your first witness.
PROSECUTOR: Thank you, Your Honor. Ladies and gentlemen
of the jury, the evidence will show that Mr. Jones, and Mr. Jones
solely, is responsible for the broken vase. I’d like to call Mrs. Smith.
(Mrs. Smith comes to the witness chair)
BAILIFF: Raise your right hand. Do you swear to tell the truth,
the whole truth and nothing but the truth?
MRS. SMITH: I do.
PROSECUTOR: Thank you. Can you tell us what you saw on the
A Practical Course
night of November 7th?
MRS. SMITH: Yes. I saw Mr. Jones at the party…
DEFENDING ATTORNEY: I object!
JUDGE: Overruled. You may continue.
MRS. SMITH: Mr. Jones was standing next to the vase.
JUDGE: Mr. Defendant, you may cross-examine.
DEFENDING ATTORNEY: Thank you, Your Honor. Mrs. Smith,
please tell me did you see Mr. Jones break the vase?
MRS. SMITH: No, I didn’t, but my husband said he saw him
break it.
DEFENDING ATTORNEY: Hearsay, Your Honor!
JUDGE: Sustained. Call your next witness. 163
DEFENDING ATTORNEY: I’d like to call Mr. Jones.
(Mr. Jones takes the witness stand)
BAILIFF: Raise your right hand. Do you swear to tell the truth,
the whole truth and nothing but the truth?
MR. JONES: I do.
DEFENDING ATTORNEY: Mr. Jones, do you recognize exhibit
“A”?
MR. JONES: Yes, I do. It’s the vase I saw at the party. But I didn’t
break it!
MRS. SMITH: That’s a lie!
JUDGE: Order in the court! Please continue Mr. Jones.
MR. JONES: Like I said, I didn’t break it. I went home early.
DEFENDING ATTORNEY: Do you have an alibi?
MR. JONES: Yes, my wife was at home when I got there.
DEFENDING ATTORNEY: The defense rests.
JUDGE: Mr. Prosecutor, do you wish to cross-examine?
(Please, continue ………………………………)
JUDGE: Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, have you reached a
verdict?
JURY: Yes, Your Honor. We find the defendant… .
V. a) Fill in the missing words in the sentences below.
to be convicted of to take an oath solicitor to cross
– examine judge verdict to sentence
Counsel for prosecution / Counsel for defence probation
1) Defendants and witnesses must ______________ on the bible
before giving evidence. 2) The judge ______________ the de-
fendants to life imprisonment. 3) After 12 hours, the Jury finally
reached its ____________: the prisoner was found guilty. 4) The
lawyer who prepares the case for his client before appearing in
court is called a ______________. The lawyer who presents the
case in court is called a ____________. 5) The public prosecu-
tor is ________________ a witness. 6) The ________________
must be addressed as “Your Honor”. 7) She was ____________
manslaughter and sent to prison for five years. 8) Since it was
his offence, he has not sent to prison but put on ___________. 9)
At a trial, the barrister who speaks for the accused is called the
______________, while the barrister who speaks against him is
called the ______________.
b) Fill in the missing words in the passage below.

witness box judge defendant acquitted dock
sentence verdict oath Magistrates Court put on
164 probation evidence Crown Court Jury testimony
There are two main courts of law in Britain: the _____________
for minor offences, such as speeding, shoplifting and the

_____________ for more serious offences such as fraud or mur-
der.
At a trial in a Crown Court the accused or ____________
stands in the ____________ while barristers cross-examine wit-
nesses, who stand in the _____________. They have to swear an
____________ to “tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but
the truth”. What they say is known as their ____________. The
___________ sits in a large sit facing the defendant and wears a
special gown and a wig. He does not decide if an accused person
is guilty or not. This is left to the ___________, made up or 12
members of the public. During the trial they sit in silence, lis-
A Practical Course
tening carefully to all the ___________. Then, they are locked
away until they decide if the person is guilty or not guilty. This
decision is called the ___________. The judge now decides the
___________. If the person is innocent, he is ___________, which
means that he is free to go home. If the person is guilty and the
crime is serious, the judge can sentence him to several years of
imprisonment. However, if it is a minor offence, the person can
be ____________.
VI. a) Read the following article. Answer the questions.

There is a famous court case involving Stella Liebeck and
McDonalds. Stella spilled hot coffee on herself after the drive- 165
through at a McDonalds in Albuquerque, New Mexico. She was
sitting in the passenger seat of her grandson’s car. The spill caused
severe burns over 6 percent of her body. She spent a week in the
hospital underwent several skin drafts, and ended up with per-
manent scarring on 15 percent of her body. Liebeck sued McDon-
alds only after the company refused to pay her medical expenses
and McDonalds offered to pay only $800. A jury gave Stella Lieb-
eck $2.7 million! Now McDonalds’ coffee has the words “caution:
hot!” written in different languages on the cup.
• Do you think Stella deserved so much money? Why/why not?
• Do you think McDonalds was to blame?
b) Role-play: choose one of the following roles. Look at the

example dialogue (ex. IV. point c) and prepare/practice what
you are going to say. Then start the court case!
Judge: You will say things such as Order in the court!
Stella: You will say things such as I wanted to buy some
coffee so…
Stella’s lawyer (prosecutor): You Do you recognize exhibit
will say things such as ‘A’?
Mr./Mrs. McDonald: You will say Everyone knows coffee is

things such as hot!
McDonalds’ lawyer (defending The evidence will show
attorney): You will say things that…
such as
Witness(es): You will say things I was eating a hamburger
such as when I saw…
Bailiff: You will say things such as Do you swear to tell the
truth…?
VII. Translate the following dialogue into English.

Judecătorul: De ce ai intrat într-o casă străină?
Inculpatul: Domnule judecător, dar era casa prietenului meu şi
nu am avut intenţia să fur nimic.
Judecătorul: Atunci de ce ai luat casetofonul şi televizorul?
Inculpatul: Am vrut să fac o glumă cu prietenul meu care a lăsat
uşa deschisă.
Judecătorul: Dacă voiai să faci o glumă, a doua zi i le înapoiai.
Inculpatul: Nu ştiu ce mi-a venit. Când am văzut că nu mă
bănuieşte nimeni, m-am gândit să le vând.
Judecătorul: Rău ai gândit! Acum trebuie să stai la închisoare şi
să reflectezi dacă nu e mai bine să fii om corect şi prieten adevărat.
166
Inculpatul: Da, domnule judecător, dar n-am făcut-o intenţionat.
Judecătorul: Ştiu, ai făcut o glumă.
WRITING
1. Role-play: In the court!
• You are accused of murdering your wife. You claim that you
have an alibi and that at the time your wife was murdered you
were somewhere else. You also claim that you have a witness. In-
vent a credible alibi.
• You are a prosecutor. Your job is to prove that the accused is
guilty by questioning all the witnesses in this case.
• You are the defendant. You have to try to prove that your client
did not commit the crime. Interrogate the witnesses.
A Practical Course
• You are a witness for the defence. You claim that you know the
accused very well and you are sure he would never do it. Use reli-
able arguments to make sure your friend is not sentenced.
• You are a witness for the defence. You are a lover of the accused
and you claim that you were together on the night of the crime.
• You are a witness for the defence. The accused is your colleague.
You claim that they were a perfect couple, they never quarreled
and they used to get on very well.
• You are a witness for the prosecution. You are the victim’s broth-
er. You know that the couple had marital problems because your
sister had told you about it. You are convinced that your sister’s
husband is guilty. 167
• You are a witness for the prosecution. You are a next-door
neighbor and claim that you heard weird and loud noises and
then saw the accused sneaking out of his house on the night of
the crime. You had heard quarrels coming from that house before.
• You are a witness for the prosecution. You were passing by the
victim’s house when you heard yells coming from that direction
but you saw nothing.
2. Think about a well-known court case and speak on the

point. Who was the defendant? What crime was he/she charged
with? Did he/she plead guilty or not guilty? Who gave testimony?
What was the verdict: did the jury acquit or convict the defendant?
What sentence did the judge give?
3. You are participants of the International Seminar on Ju-

dicial System. Be ready to give a talk on one of the issues given
below.
1) Powers of Judges: too many or too few?
2) Judges Immunity: pros and cons.
3) Judicial Reform: what should be done to improve justice?
4) Protection of Judges from Interference in their Work.
4. Compare the judicial system of the UK to that of the Re-
public of Moldova. Make up a plan. At first, find all similar points
and then the different ones.
5. Make up a dialogue between a lawyer and his son discuss-

ing the peculiarities of father’s profession.
You may discuss rules of lawyer’s ethics: rule of law, independ-
ence, observance of law, prevailing the clients’ interests, confi-
dence, competence, fairness and honesty.
6. Write a composition on one of the following topics:

• The institution of advocacy, its historical roots.
• The role of a lawyer in modern society.
• Rules of lawyer’s ethics.
168
INFO BOX
A Practical Course
DO’S AND DON’TS FOR JURORS (Part II)
During deliberations
1. DO consult with the other jurors before making up your mind
about a verdict. Each juror must make up his or her own mind,
but only after impartial group consideration of the evidence.
2. DO reason out differences of opinion between jurors by
means of a complete and fair discussion of the evidence and of
the judge’s instructions. DON’T lose your temper, try to bully
other jurors, or refuse to listen to the opinions of other jurors.
3. DO reconsider your views in the light of your delibera-
tions, and change them if you have become convinced they are 169
wrong. DON’T change your convictions about the importance
or effect of evidence, however, just because other jurors dis-
agree with you or so that the jury can decide on a verdict.
4. DON’T play cards, read, or engage in any other diversion.
5. DON’T mark or write on exhibits or otherwise change or
injure them.
6. DON’T cast lots or otherwise arrive at your verdict by
chance, or the verdict will be illegal.
7. DON’T talk to anyone about your deliberations or about
the verdict until the judge discharges the jury. After discharge
you may discuss the verdict and the deliberations with anyone
to whom you wish to speak. DON’T feel obligated to do so; no
juror can be forced to talk without a court order. DO be careful
about what you say to others. You should not say or write any-
thing that you would not be willing to state under oath.
DISCUSSION
• What requirements should one meet to be eligible for jury ser-
vice?
• Would you like to be a juror someday? Why (not)?
4. Types of punishment
LEAD IN
• What kind of punishment do you know?
• Which of them can be found in Moldova?
• What punishment do you consider to be the least/most
severe?
VOCABULARY NOTES
 assessment, n. – a special pay- someone;

ment, such as a tax or fine;  to seek, vb. – attempt or de-
 confinement, n. – the action sire to obtain or achieve (some-
of keeping or restricting something); ask for (something)
one or something within cer- from someone;
tain limits of (space, scope, or  probation, n. – the release
time); of an offender from detention,
 to substitute, vb. – use or add subject to a period of good be-
in place of; replace (someone haviour under supervision;
or something) with another;  parole, n. – the temporary or
170  retaliation, n. – the action of permanent release of a prison-
harming someone because they er before the expiry of a sen-
have harmed oneself; revenge; tence, on the promise of good
 to maim, vb. – to injure, dis- behaviour;

able, or disfigure, usually by  diverted, adj. – draw the at-
depriving of the use of a limb tention of (someone) away
or other part of the body; to from tedious or serious con-
mutilate, cripple, or disable a cerns; entertain or amuse;
part of the body of (a person pleasantly occupied;
or animal);  to abolish, vb. – formally put
 to exact, vb. – demand and an end to (a system, practice,
obtain (something) from or institution); to destroy com-
someone; inflict (revenge) on pletely.
A Practical Course
READING
Types of Punishment
Criminal Punishment is a penalty imposed by the govern-
ment on individuals who violate criminal law. People who com-
mit crimes may be punished in a variety of ways. Offenders may
be subject to fines or other monetary assessments, the infliction
of physical pain (corporal punishment), or confinement in jail or
prison for a period of time (incarceration). In general, societies
punish individuals to achieve revenge against wrongdoers and
to prevent further crime- both by the person punished and by
others contemplating criminal behaviour. Some modern forms 171
of criminal punishment reflect a philosophy of correction, rather
than (or in addition to) one of penalty. Correctional programs
attempt to teach offenders how to substitute lawful types of be-
haviour for unlawful actions.
Throughout history and in many different parts of the world,
societies have devised a wide assortment of punishment meth-
ods. In ancient times, societies widely accepted the law of equal
retaliation (known as lex talionis), a form of corporal punishment
that demanded “an eye for an eye.” If one person’s criminal ac-
tions injured another person, authorities would similarly maim
the criminal. Certain countries throughout the world still prac-
tice corporal punishment. For instance, in some Islamic nation’s
officials exact revenge-based corporal punishments against crim-
inals such as amputation of a thief ’s hand. Monetary compensa-
tion is another historic punishment method. In England during
the early Middle Ages payments of “blood money” were required
as compensation for death, personal injury, and theft.
Although some societies still use ancient forms of harsh phys-
ical punishment, punishments have also evolved along with civ-
ilization and become less cruel. Contemporary criminal punish-
ment also seeks to correct unlawful behaviour, rather than simply
punish wrongdoers.
Certain punishments require offenders to provide compensa-
tion for the damage caused by their crimes. There are three chief
types of compensation: fines, restitution, and community service.
A fine is a monetary penalty imposed on an offender and paid
to the court. However, fines have not been widely used as crimi-
nal punishment because most criminals do not have the money
to pay them. Moreover, fining criminals may actually encourage
them to commit more crimes in order to pay the fines.
The term restitution refers to the practice of requiring offend-
ers to financially compensate crime victims for the damage the
offenders caused. This damage may include psychological, phys-
ical, or financial harm to the victim. In most cases, crime vic-
tims must initiate the process of obtaining restitution from the
offender. Judges may impose restitution in conjunction with oth-
er forms of punishment, such as probation (supervised release to
the community) or incarceration.
Alternatively, restitution may be included as a condition of an
offender’s parole program. Prisoners who receive parole obtain an
early release from incarceration and remain free, provided they
meet certain conditions.
Offenders sentenced to community service perform services
for the state or community rather than directly compensating the
crime victim or victims. Some of the money saved by the govern-
172
ment as a result of community service work may be diverted to a
fund to compensate crime victims.
The most serious or repeat offenders are incarcerated. Crimi-

nals may be incarcerated in jails or in prisons. Jails typically house
persons convicted of misdemeanors (less serious crimes), as well
as individuals awaiting trial. Prisons are state or federally oper-
ated facilities that house individuals convicted of more serious
crimes, known as felonies.
The most extreme form of punishment is death. Execution of
an offender is known as capital punishment. Like corporal pun-
ishment, capital punishment has been abolished in many coun-
tries.
COMPREHENSION
A Practical Course
1. Name the ways of punishing offenders.
2. Why do societies punish individuals in general?
3. What does the law of equal retaliation mean?
4. Name the three chief types of compensation.
5. What is the difference between fine, restitution and community
service?
6. What is the most extreme form of punishment?
II. a) Read the statements. Are they true or false?

1. Criminal Punishment is imposed by the individuals who vio-
late criminal law. 173
2. A fine is a kind of a monetary assessment.
3. Confinement in jail or prison for a period of time is called
incarceration.
4. The only reason to punish offenders is to achieve revenge
against wrongdoers.
5. At present societies widely accept the law of equal retaliation.
6. No societies use the forms of harsh physical punishment now-
adays.
7. Community service is one of the three types of compensation
for the damage caused by their crimes.
8. Fines are often used as criminal punishment.
9. Restitution may be included as a condition of an offender’s
parole program.
10. The most serious or repeat offenders are incarcerated.
11. Criminals may be incarcerated in courts or police office.
12. Both corporal and capital punishments have been abolished
in many countries.
b) Fill the gaps with a suitable word.

1) People who commit crimes may be ______________ in a va-
riety of ways. 2) In ancient times, societies widely accepted the law
of equal ______________. 3) If one person’s criminal actions in-
jured another person, authorities would similarly _____________
the criminal. 4) Certain countries throughout the world still prac-
tice _____________ punishment. 5) _____________ compensa-
tion is another historic punishment method. 6) Certain punish-
ments require _____________ to provide _____________ for the
damage caused by their crimes. 7) A __________ is a monetary
___________ imposed on an offender and paid to the court.
8) Judges may impose ___________ in conjunction with other
forms of punishment, such as ___________ or incarceration. 9)
Prisoners who receive ____________ obtain an early release from
incarceration and remain free. 10) Like corporal punishment,
____________ punishment has been ____________ in many
countries.
III. a) Match the parts of the sentences.

A. Corporal punishment 1) supervised release to the com-
munity
B. Incarceration 2) less serious crimes
C. Lex talionis 3) a monetary penalty imposed on
an offender and paid to the court
D. Fine 4) the practice of requiring offend-
ers to financially compensate crime
174 victims for the damage the offend-
ers caused
E. Restitution 5) the infliction of physical pain

F. Probation 6) performing services for the state
or community
G. Parole 7) execution of an offender
H. Community service 8) confinement in jail or prison for
a period of time
I. Capital punishment 9) obtaining an early release from
incarceration while remaining free,
provided an offender meets certain
conditions
J. Felonies 10) the law of equal retaliation, a
A Practical Course
form of corporal punishment that
demanded “an eye for an eye”
K. Misdemeanours 11) more serious crimes
b) Match the words with their definitions and with the

crimes committed.
remain in one’s home for a
traffic ticket assault
certain period of time
a young
spend the rest of one’s life
license suspen- offender who
in prison with no chance of
sion is waiting to 175
going back into society
go to court
driving rights are removed speeding, par-
fine
for a certain period of time king
hunting out
leaves marks on driving re-
house arrest of
cord/ involves paying a fine
season
a youth that
steals
community pay money as punishment
a car for the
service for minor/petty crime
first
time
do volunteer work such as
jail time teaching children about homicide
crime or cleaning up garbage
spend a certain amount of
drunk dri-
life in prison months or years locked away
ving
from society
IV. Complete the text with the words from the box.
criminal punished rehabilitate revenge wrongdoing
impose crime
Goals of Criminal Punishment
The major driving force underlying all punishment is
_______________ also referred to as retribution. The word retribu-
tion derives from a Latin word meaning “to pay back.” In retaliation
for __________________, societies seek to punish individuals who
violate the rules. Criminal punishment is also intended as a deterrent
to future criminality. Offenders who are ___________________ may
be deterred from future wrongdoing because they fear additional
punishment. Others who contemplate ____________________
may also be deterred from ____________________behaviour. So-
cieties also ___________________ punishments in order to inca-
pacitate dangerous or unlawful individuals by restricting their lib-
erty and to ____________________ these wrongdoers and correct
their behaviour.
V. Make up sentences from the words.

1) from society /or incarceration /crime prevention /Isolating
criminals/is the most direct method of/ through confinement/.
2) penalize wrongdoers / seeks to /and transform their behaviour,
/ rather than /correct criminals /merely /Contemporary criminal
punishment/.
3) harsh physical punishment, / some societies /punishments
have also/Although/ evolved along with civilization /and become
176 less cruel /still use ancient forms of/.
4) contemporary punishments /In most industrialized societies, /
are /or /either fines /or both /terms of incarceration/.
5) refers to /requiring offenders /to financially compensate /for

the damage /the off enders caused /The term restitution /the
practice of /crime victims/.
6) or /are incarcerated /The most serious /repeat offenders/.
7) certain undesirable individuals, / such as /Some societies /with
banishment or exile/ criminals and political and religious dissi-
dents,/ punish/.
8) capital punishment /Opponents of /barbaric and degrading /
see it as /to the dignity of the individual/.
VI. a) Put the words below into the correct category. Trans-
A Practical Course
late them into Romanian.
the accused/defendant; arsonist; (release on) bail; blackmailer; bur-
glar; defence; capital punishment; community service; corporal pun-
ishment; find innocent/guilty; fine; forger; hijacker; inquiry; judge;
jury; kidnapper; lawyer; mugger; murderer; pickpocket; prison; sen-
tence; prosecution; shoplifter; smuggler; suspended sentence; thief;
trial; verdict; witness; testimony; evidence.
Criminals Law courts Sentences & Punish-
ments
177
b) Correct the mistakes in these definitions.

1) The judge pleads guilty or not guilty at the beginning of a trial.
2) The lawyer for the defence tries to prove the defendant guilty.
3) The prosecution lawyer gives evidence about what they have
seen.
4) If the defendant is found guilty, the jury passes sentence.
5) If you pay the court a sum of money, you can be given a sus-
pended sentence until your trial.
6) If it is your first offence, you will probably be sentenced to
capital punishment.
c) Complete the definitions with the words being defined.

1)....................................takes control of a plane or boat by force.
2)....................................sees what happens during a crime or acci-
dent.
3) ...................................brings goods into the country illegally.
4) ...................................gets money from others by threatening to
tell secrets.
5) ...................................steals from houses.
Try to define more words from Task VI. a
d) Use the word in capitals at the end of the each line to form
a word that fits in the space in the same line.
At his last trial, nobody believed in Arthur’s 1 INNOCENT
1) _____________. He had been accused of 2 THIEF
the 2) __________________ of a valuable Chi- 3 OFFEND
nese vase, and he was also charged with ten 4 STEAL
other 3) _____________________. The value 5 DEFEND
of the 4) _______________ goods was said 6 ACCIDENT
to be over ₤20,000. Arthur said in his own 5) 7 WORTH
______________________ that the vase had 8 CRIME
been put into his car 6) ______________. He 9 PUNISH
also pointed out that the Chinese vase was a fake, 10 PRISON
and was almost 7) ____________. The judge
did not believe Arthur’s story. He told Arthur
he was a hardened 8) _______________ and
that he deserved a severe 9) _____________.
Then the judge sentenced Arthur to five years’
10) _______________. Arthur just smiled. He
had spent most of his life in prison and so he
was used to it.
178
VII. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the
box.
THE FIRST WOMEN LAWYERS
amendments professions practiced support equal-
ity lawyers legal fight degree
Since olden times, __________ profession was considered

to be a “gentlemen’s” one. Women first began to enter the legal
_____________in the late nineteenth century, at a time when two
reform movements were significant. One was the movement for
women’s _____________and the emergence of modern profes-
sions and of ideas about “professionalism” in law.
A Practical Course
The first women ____________ appeared in the United States
a few years after the Civil War. During the civil war many men
left to __________, so universities admitted more women students
and teachers. Thus the first women lawyers appeared. They includ-
ed Arabella Mansfield, who became the first woman formally ad-
mitted to a state bar when she gained admission in Iowa in 1869,
and Ada Kepley, the first American woman to obtain a university
law __________ in 1870. Although admitted to the bar, they never
actually __________ law, instead focusing on teaching and other
activist work.
A few years later, however, the Illinois legislature enacted
amending legislation to permit women’s admission to the bar, and a 179
number of other American states enacted similar ______________.
Thus, by the late 1880s there was a sufficient number of American
women lawyers to establish the Equity Club, a correspondence club
that provided information and ___________ to women lawyers all
over the United States for several years.
WRITING
• Prisons will never be empty.
• The debate about capital punishment will never finish.
• Let the punishment fit the crime.
2. Find the information on different views on death penalty
and give your own reasons FOR and AGAINST it.
3. Name different types of punishment and present your

own view. Which punishment fit the following crimes?
– rape – hooliganism
– drug-trafficking – bribery
– pick-pocketing – bigamies
– homicide – speeding
4. Read Socrates’ saying: “Four things belong to a judge: to hear

courteously, to answer wisely, to consider soberly, and to decide im-
partially.” What judge’s qualities are mentioned? Who is a good/
successful judge to you? Would you like to become a judge? Why?
5. Agree or Disagree.
• Many people feel that harder sentences should be brought back.
• The wishes of victims’ family and friends possibly need to be
taken into account.
• The death penalty is seen as savage and an affront to human
dignity.
• Some people say that conditions in prisons are too soft.
• It is strongly felt by many people that capital punishment is the
equivalent of judicial murder.
• There are arguments for the restoration of the death penalty.
• There are arguments against harder sentences and capital pun-
ishment.
USEFUL LANGUAGE
I’m for/against (restoring capital punishment) because…
I think/I don’t think it would be a good idea (to sentence crimi-
nals to death) because…
The problem with (death penalty) is that…
I think/I don’t think that would work because…
I think/I don’t think it would make a difference because…
180 In my opinion, (murderers are…)
INFO BOX
A Practical Course
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
Capital punishment is legal infliction of death as a penal-

ty for violating criminal law. Throughout history people have
been put to death for various forms of wrongdoing. Methods of
execution have included such practices as crucifixion, stoning,
drowning, burning at the stake, impaling, and beheading. To-
day capital punishment is typically accomplished by lethal gas
or injection, electrocution, hanging, or shooting.
The death penalty is the most controversial penal practice in
the modern world. The practice of capital punishment is as old
as government itself. Since ancient times most governments
181
have punished a wide variety of crimes by death.
The first significant movement to abolish the death penal-
ty began during the era known as the Age of Enlightenment.
Critics of capital punishment contend that it is brutal and de-
grading, while supporters consider it a necessary form of ret-
ribution (revenge) for terrible crimes. Executions were public
involving cruel methods. Opponents of capital punishment
assert that it is degrading to the humanity of the person pun-
ished. Early opponents of capital punishment also argued that
inflicting death was not necessary to control crime and proper-
ly punish wrongdoers. Instead, alternative punishment − such
as imprisonment − could effectively isolate criminals from the
community; deter other potential offenders from committing
offenses. Supporters of capital punishment countered that the
ultimate penalty of death was necessary for the punishment of
terrible crimes because it provided the most complete retri-
bution and condemnation. Furthermore, they argued that the
threat of execution was a unique deterrent. Supporters and op-
ponents of capital punishment still debate its effectiveness.
Modern opposition to the death penalty is seen as a reac-
tion to the political history of the 20th century, most notably
the Holocaust − the systematic mass killing of Jews and others
during World War II (1939-1945). Some of the nations involved
in the war supported the abolition of capital punishment. Italy,

formally, abolished the death penalty in 1947 and the Federal
Republic of Germany did so in 1949. The British government
instituted a Royal Commission to study capital punishment
in 1950 and abolished the death penalty in 1965. By the early
1980s every major country in Western Europe had stopped ex-
ecuting criminals. Canada abolished the death penalty in 1976.
New Zealand held its last execution in 1957.
By 2005, 83 countries all over the world no longer author-
ized the penalty of death for any crimes. Another 13 countries
authorized capital punishment only for exceptional crimes,
such as crimes under military law and crimes committed in ex-
ceptional circumstances, such as during wartime. Asian coun-
tries and Islamic nations tend to practice capital punishment.
The majority of countries in Africa also authorize the death
penalty. Only two advanced industrial democracies, the United
States and Japan, retain the death penalty. A number of newly
industrialized Asian nations, such as South Korea, also practice
capital punishment.
Execution of criminals and political opponents has been
used by nearly all societies − both to punish crime and to
suppress political dissent. In most places that practice capital
182 punishment it is reserved for murder, espionage, treason, or as
part of military justice. In some countries sexual crimes, such
as rape, adultery, and incest carry the death penalty. In many
countries that use the death penalty, drug trafficking is also a

capital offenсe. The following is a list of countries with statu-
tory provisions for the death penalty for drug-related offenses:
United States, Iran, Singapore, India (no execution carried out
for such offenses), Kuwait, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Egypt, Sau-
di Arabia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Zimbabwe, Brunei, Vietnam,
Laos, Iraq, Oman, Republic of China.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
A Practical Course
1. Find in the text the information on:
• the methods of execution;
• the history of debate;
• the countries that retain the death penalty.
2. Fill in the table with the words/ sentences from text:
Arguments for death penalty Arguments against death
penalty
3. Match the beginnings with the endings: 183
1.Capital punishment is a) tend to practice capital pun-

ishment.
2.The death penalty is the most b) still debate its effectiveness.
3.Supporters of the capital c) legal infliction of death as a
punishment consider it penalty.
4.Supporters and opponents of d) a necessary form of retribu-
death penalty tion.
5.Asian countries e) controversial penal practice.
4. What are capital offenсes? Name all the crimes that de-
serve death penalty as a punishment.
5. Capital punishment has been executed in different ways.

Here is the list of methods. Divide them into out-dated and
still used: electrocution, stoning, beheading, shooting, gassing, hang-
ing, crucifixion, drowning, impaling and lethal injection.
Why have the methods changed?
Out-dated Still used
6. Do researches on the topic: “Current Executions”.

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students and professionals, British Council, 2005.
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fic-Unit.aspx

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Ministerul Afacerilor Interne

Centrul Comunicare Profesională

English in use for Law-

Unit II – CRIME CONCERNS

4. Offences against property………………….

Unit I. Law and order

who make, amend or repeal laws; to establish as something to be

2. Work with your vocabulary notes or dictionary. Give syno-

to obey to rule penalty compulsion to enforce to behave

6. Why do methods of enforcement exist?

II. Complete the sentences using the text.

III. a) Write definitions of your own to the following

b) Compare your definitions with those given in a diction- 9

IV. Translate the following sentences into English.

In all __________ relations between people are regulated

2. Write your opinion on one of the following statements.

її In Denmark it is not against the law to escape from prison.

2. Law enforcement in moldova

*collocate - to occur frequent- fend something, especially laws

2. Work with your vocabulary notes or dictionary. Give syno-

to bend to forbid to respect to allow to require

II. Complete the following sentences according to the text.

III. a) Write definitions of your own to the following

b) Compare your definitions with those given in a dic-

IV. Translate the following sentences into English.

lui. 4) Un avocat acţionează întotdeauna în cadrul legii. 5) Poliţia

V. Fill in the gaps using the vocabulary notes. Use each

VI. Strange laws around the world. Select the correct

1. She took the law within the law. a

12. Most students follow l

2. Write your opinion on one of the following statements.

Date of Issue date when documentation was created

Asking for Identification (ID) and Information

6. identity theft – stealing someone else’s identity for personal

A. How many of these documents do you have?

B. Complete these sentences with a suitable paraphrase.

C. Write down at least two words which can be used before

responsible for sth; 

II. Fill in the gaps with suitable words.

III. Translate the following sentences into English.

IV. Put this story in the correct order.

V. Read this short story, then write down your response

• Liberty is the right to do what the law permits.

2. What did you learn? Complete the following diagram.

4. The police officer

transport, conduct or transmit; device consisting of a pair of

2. Use the new words and word combinations in sen-

7. How can you characterize a police officer’s job?

II. Complete the following sentences.

V. Fill in the gaps in the following stories with appropriate

a. walkie – talkie plain clothes detective uniform policeman

Allan is now old enough and tall enough to __________

b. theft sentence charge fine fingerprints oath arrest

A policeman was sent to __________ the disappearence of

2. Protect, help and reassure the b. Help stop people commit-

b) Find a word above that means the same as the follow-

c) Match the sentences on the left (1–3) with the endings

3. Do a research on 5 most traditional, stressful and dan-

її Don’t leave keys in a place where a person standing outside

phone to call the police.

 slippery, adj. – (of a sur- notice; obvious; attracting at-

2. Use the vocabulary notes in situations of your own.

2. What is the most important area of traffic policing?

1)_ ransom; 2)_ a verdict;

property and receiving stolen are