Tarihin Romania Tsarin lokaci

1060

Cumans

appendices

bayanin kula

nassoshi


Tarihin Romania
History of Romania ©HistoryMaps

440 BCE - 2024

Tarihin Romania



Tarihin Romania yana da wadata da yawa, wanda aka yi masa alama da jerin lokuta na tarihi daban-daban.Daciyawa sun mamaye zamanin dā, waɗanda a ƙarshe Romawa suka ci nasara a shekara ta 106 A.Z., wanda ya kai ga zamanin mulkin Romawa da ya bar tasiri na dindindin a harshe da al’ada.Tsakanin Zamani ya ga bullar wasu masarautu daban-daban kamar Wallachia da Moldavia, waɗanda galibi ana kama su tsakanin buƙatun daulolin maƙwabta masu ƙarfi kamar Ottomans , da Habsburgs, da na Rasha .A zamanin yau, Romania ta sami 'yancin kai daga Daular Ottoman a 1877 kuma daga baya aka haɗe a 1918, wanda ya ƙunshi Transylvania, Banat, da sauran yankuna.Zamanin yakin ya kasance da rudanin siyasa da ci gaban tattalin arziki, sannan yakin duniya na biyu ya biyo baya lokacin da kasar Romania ta yi hannun riga da akidar Axis sannan ta sauya sheka a shekara ta 1944. Bayan yakin ya ga kafa gwamnatin gurguzu, wanda ya dade har zuwa 1989. juyin juya halin da ya kai ga mika mulki ga dimokradiyya.Shigar Romania cikin Tarayyar Turai a shekara ta 2007 ya nuna wani gagarumin ci gaba a tarihinta na wannan zamani, wanda ke nuna shigarta cikin tsarin siyasa da tattalin arziki na yammacin Turai.
Al'adun Cucuteni-Trypillia
Zaman Bronze Turai ©Anonymous
6050 BCE Jan 1

Al'adun Cucuteni-Trypillia

Moldova
Yankin Neolithic-Age Cucuteni a arewa maso gabashin Romania shine yanki na yamma na ɗaya daga cikin farkon wayewar Turai, wanda aka sani da al'adun Cucuteni-Trypillia.[1] Aikin gishiri na farko da aka sani yana Poiana Slatinei kusa da ƙauyen Lunca;An fara amfani da shi a farkon Neolithic a kusa da 6050 KZ ta al'adun Starčevo kuma daga baya ta hanyar al'adun Cucuteni-Trypillia a zamanin pre-Cucuteni.[2] Shaidu daga wannan da sauran shafuka sun nuna al'adun Cucuteni-Trypillia da aka fitar da gishiri daga ruwan bazara mai cike da gishiri ta hanyar sarrafa briquetage.[3]
Scythians
Scythian Raiders a Thrace, karni na 5 KZ ©Angus McBride
600 BCE Jan 1

Scythians

Transylvania, Romania
Yin amfani da ginshiƙan Pontic a matsayin tushensu, Scythians a tsawon ƙarni na 7 zuwa 6 K.Z. sukan kai hari a cikin yankunan da ke kusa da su, tare da Turai ta Tsakiya da ake yawan kai hare-haren su, kuma hare-haren Scythian ya kai Podolia, Transylvania, da Hungarian Plain. , saboda wanda, tun daga wannan lokacin, kuma daga ƙarshen karni na 7 zuwa gaba, sababbin abubuwa, ciki har da makamai da kayan aiki na doki, wanda ya samo asali daga steppes da ragowar da ke hade da Scythians na farko sun fara bayyana a cikin tsakiyar Turai, musamman a cikin Ƙasar Thracian da Hungarian, kuma a cikin yankunan da suka dace da Bessarabia, Transylvania, Hungary, da Slovakia na yau.Hare-haren Scythian sun lalata ƙauyuka da yawa na al'adun Lusatian a wannan lokacin, tare da harin Scythian wanda ya haifar da lalata al'adun Lusatian kanta.A matsayin wani ɓangare na fadada Scythians zuwa Turai, wani sashe na kabilar Scythian Sindi ya yi hijira a cikin ƙarni na 7 zuwa 6 KZ daga yankin tafkin Maeotis zuwa yamma, ta hanyar Transylvania zuwa gabashin Pannonian, inda suka zauna tare da Sigynnae. kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya daina hulɗa da Scythians na Pontic steppe.[115]
500 BCE - 271
Zaman Dacian da Romanornament
Daciyan
Thracian peltasts anad Greek ecdromoi karni na 5 KZ. ©Angus McBride
440 BCE Jan 1 - 104

Daciyan

Carpathian Mountains
Dacians, waɗanda aka yarda da su su zama mutane iri ɗaya da Getae, tare da tushen Roman galibi suna amfani da sunan Dacian da tushen Girkanci galibi suna amfani da sunan Getae, reshe ne na Thracians waɗanda ke zaune Dacia, wanda yayi daidai da Romania ta zamani, Moldova, arewacin Bulgaria , kudu maso yammacin Ukraine , Hungary gabas da kogin Danube da West Banat a Serbia.Rubuce-rubucen farko na mutanen da ke zaune a ƙasar Romania ta yau ta fito ne daga Herodotus a cikin Littafi na IV na Tarihinsa, wanda aka rubuta a c.440 KZ;Ya rubuta cewa Sarkin Farisa Darius Mai Girma ya yi nasara kan ƙungiyar ƙabila / Ƙungiyar Getae a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe da Scythians, kuma ya kwatanta Dacians a matsayin masu jaruntaka kuma mafi bin doka na Thracians.[4]Dacians suna magana da yare na yaren Thracian amma Scythians maƙwabta a gabas sun rinjayi al'adunsu ta hanyar mamaya na Celtic na Transylvania a ƙarni na 4.Saboda sauye-sauyen yanayin jihohin Daciyan, musamman kafin zamanin Burebista da kuma kafin karni na 1 AZ, sau da yawa ’yan Daciyan kan rabu zuwa masarautu daban-daban.Geto-Dacians sun zauna a bangarorin biyu na kogin Tisa kafin hawan Celtic Boii da kuma bayan Dacians a karkashin sarki Burebista sun ci nasara.Da alama kasar Dacian ta taso ne a matsayin kawancen kabilanci, wanda aka hada shi ne kawai ta hanyar jagoranci mai kwarjini a bangarorin soja da siyasa da akida da addini.[5] A farkon karni na 2 KZ (kafin 168 KZ), karkashin mulkin sarki Rubobostes, sarkin Dacian a Transylvania ta yau, ikon Dacians a cikin kwarin Carpathian ya karu bayan sun ci Celts, wanda ya rike. iko a yankin tun bayan mamayewar Celtic na Transylvania a karni na 4 KZ.
Celts a Transylvania
Mamayewar Celtic. ©Angus McBride
400 BCE Jan 1

Celts a Transylvania

Transylvania, Romania
Manya-manyan yankunan tsohon Dacia, waɗanda mutanen Thraciyan suka cika a farkon zamanin ƙarfe na farko, ƙaura mai yawa na Scythiyawa na Iran suka yi ƙaura daga gabas zuwa yamma a farkon rabin ƙarni na farko KZ.An bi su da wani babban raƙuman ruwa na Celts da ke ƙaura zuwa yamma.[105] Celts sun isa arewa maso yammacin Transylvania a kusan 400-350 KZ a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban ƙaura zuwa gabas.[106] Lokacin da mayaƙan Celtic suka fara shiga waɗannan yankuna, ƙungiyar da alama sun haɗu da yawan gida na farkon Dacians kuma sun haɗa al'adun al'adun Hallstatt da yawa.[107]A kusa da karni na 2 KZ Transylvania, Celtic Boii ya zauna a arewacin yankin Dunántúl, a kudancin Slovakia na zamani da kuma a arewacin yankin Hungary a kusa da tsakiyar Bratislava na zamani.[108] Mambobin ƙungiyar kabilar Boii, Taurisci da Anarti sun zauna a arewacin Dacia tare da ainihin kabilar Anarti da aka samu a yankin Upper Tisa.Anartophracti daga kudu maso gabashin Poland na zamani ana ɗaukar wani ɓangare na Anarti.[109] Scordiscan Celts mazauna kudu maso gabas na Ƙofar Iron na Danube ana iya la'akari da wani yanki na al'adun Celtic na Transylvanian.[110 <] > Ƙungiyar Brittogaul kuma ta ƙaura zuwa yankin.[111]Celts sun fara shiga yammacin Dacia, sannan har zuwa arewa maso yamma da tsakiyar Transylvania.[112] Yawancin binciken binciken kayan tarihi yana nuna girman yawan mutanen Celtic da ke zama na dogon lokaci a tsakanin 'yan asalin.[113] Shaidar archaeological ta nuna cewa waɗannan Celts ta Gabas sun shiga cikin yawan Geto-Dacian.[114]
Masarautar Burebista
Misalin Dacian dava da aka gano a Popești, Giurgiu, Romania, da kuma ɗan takara mai yuwuwar wurin zama babban birnin Dacian a lokacin hawan Burebista, Argedava. ©Radu Oltean
82 BCE Jan 1 - 45 BCE

Masarautar Burebista

Orăștioara de Sus, Romania
Dacia na Sarki Burebista (82-44 KZ) ya tashi daga Bahar Black zuwa tushen kogin Tisa da kuma daga tsaunin Balkan zuwa Bohemia.Shi ne sarki na farko da ya yi nasarar hada kan kabilun masarautar Dacian, wanda ya kunshi yankin da ke tsakanin kogin Danube, Tisza, da Dniester, da Romania da Moldova na zamani.Daga shekara ta 61 KZ, Burebista ya ci gaba da mamaye daular Daciyan.An lalata ƙabilun Boii da Taurisci a farkon kamfen ɗinsa, sannan cin nasarar Bastarnae da ƙila mutanen Scordisci suka biyo baya.Ya jagoranci hare-hare a cikin Thrace, Makidoniya, da Illyria.Daga shekara ta 55 K.Z., an ci garuruwan Girka da ke yammacin Tekun Bahar Rum bi da bi.Waɗannan yakin ba makawa sun ƙare cikin rikici da Roma a shekara ta 48 KZ, a lokacin Burebista ya ba da goyon bayansa ga Pompey .Wannan kuma ya sa shi abokin gaba ga Kaisar, wanda ya yanke shawarar fara yakin da Dacia.A cikin 53 KZ, an kashe Burebista, kuma an raba mulkin zuwa sassa huɗu (bayan baya biyar) ƙarƙashin wasu sarakuna daban-daban.
Roman Daci
Sojoji a cikin yaƙi, Yaƙin Dacian na biyu, c.105 CE. ©Angus McBride
106 Jan 1 00:01 - 275 Jan

Roman Daci

Tapia, Romania
Bayan mutuwar Burebista, daular da ya halitta ta rabu zuwa kananan masarautu.Daga zamanin Tiberius zuwa Domitian, aikin Dacian ya ragu zuwa yanayin tsaro.Romawa sun yi watsi da shirye-shiryen haɓaka mamayewa da Dacia.A shekara ta 86 AZ, Sarkin Dacian, Decebalus, ya yi nasarar sake haɗa masarautar Dacian a ƙarƙashin ikonsa.Domitian yayi ƙoƙari na gaggawar mamayewa a kan Dacians wanda ya ƙare cikin bala'i.Mamaya na biyu ya kawo zaman lafiya tsakanin Roma da Dacia kusan shekaru goma, har sai Trajan ya zama sarki a shekara ta 98 ​​AZ.Trajan kuma ya ci nasara biyu na Dacia, na farko, a cikin 101-102 CE, ya ƙare cikin nasara na Romawa.An tilasta Decebalus ya amince da tsauraran sharuddan zaman lafiya, amma bai girmama su ba, wanda ya kai ga hari na biyu na Dacia a shekara ta 106 AZ wanda ya kawo ƙarshen ’yancin kan masarautar Dacian.Bayan hadewa cikin daular, Roman Dacia ya ga rabon gudanarwa akai-akai.A cikin 119, an raba shi zuwa sassa biyu: Dacia Superior ("Upper Dacia") da Dacia Inferior ("Lower Dacia"; daga baya mai suna Dacia Malvensis).Tsakanin 124 zuwa kusan 158, Dacia Superior ya kasu kashi biyu, Dacia Apulensis da Dacia Porolissensis.Daga baya za a hade larduna uku a cikin 166 kuma a san su da Tres Daciae ("Dacias Uku") saboda yakin Marcomannic.An bude sabbin ma'adanai da hakar ma'adanai, yayin da noma, kiwo, da kasuwanci suka bunkasa a lardin.Roman Dacia yana da matukar muhimmanci ga sojojin da aka kafa a ko'ina cikin yankin Balkan kuma ya zama lardin birni, wanda aka san kusan garuruwa goma kuma dukansu sun samo asali daga tsoffin sansanonin soja.Takwas daga cikin waɗannan sun kasance mafi girman matsayi na mulkin mallaka.Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa ita ce cibiyar hada-hadar kudi, addini, da majalisa kuma inda mai gabatar da kara (ma'aikacin kudi) ke da kujerarsa, yayin da Apulum ya kasance cibiyar soji ta Roman Dacia.Daga halittarsa, Roman Dacia ya sha fama da barazanar siyasa da soja.The Free Dacians, da ke da alaƙa da Sarmatians, sun yi ta kai hare-hare a lardin.Ƙabilun Carpi (ƙabilar Dacian) ne suka biyo bayansu da kuma ƙabilun Jamusawa da suka zo (Goths, Taifali, Heruli, da Bastarnae) waɗanda ke kawance da su.Duk wannan ya sa lardin da wahala ga sarakunan Romawa su ci gaba da rikewa, wanda aka riga aka yi asara a zamanin Gallienus (253–268).Aurelian (270-275) zai bar Roman Dacia a hukumance a 271 ko 275 CE.Ya kori sojojinsa da gwamnatin farar hula daga Dacia, kuma ya kafa Dacia Aureliana da babban birninta a Serdica a Lower Moesia.An yi watsi da yawan jama'ar Romanized da aka bari, kuma makomarta bayan janyewar Romawa yana da cece-kuce.A cewar wata ka’ida, Latin da ake magana da shi a Dacia, galibi a cikin Romania ta zamani, ya zama yaren Romanian, wanda ya sa Romaniyawa zuriyar Daco-Romawa (yawan Romanized na Dacia).Ka'idar adawa ta nuna cewa asalin Romaniyawa a zahiri ya ta'allaka ne akan yankin Balkan.
271 - 1310
Hijira da Tsakanin Zamaniornament
Goths
Goths ©Angus McBride
290 Jan 1 - 376

Goths

Romania
Goths sun fara kutsawa cikin yankuna da ke yammacin kogin Dniester daga 230s.[23] Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban guda biyu da kogin ya raba, Thervingi da Greuthungi, sun fito cikin sauri a cikin su.[24] Lardin Dacia na lokaci guda yana riƙe da "Taifali, Victohali, da Thervingi" [25] a kusa da 350.Nasarar da Goths ya samu yana da alama ta fadada al'adun 'Sântana de Mureş-Chernyakhov' da yawa.Mazaunan al'adun sun bayyana a Moldavia da Wallachia a ƙarshen karni na 3, [26] da kuma a cikin Transylvania bayan 330. Waɗannan ƙasashe sun kasance mazaunan mazaunan zaman jama'a waɗanda ke yin noma da kiwo.[27 <] > Tukwane, yin tsefe-tsafe da sauran sana'o'in hannu sun bunƙasa a ƙauyuka.Tukwane mai kyau da aka yi da dabaran abu ne na yau da kullun;An kuma adana kofuna na hannu na al'adar gida.Hannun garmuna mai kama da waɗanda aka yi a lardunan Romawa da ke kusa da kuma irin na Scandinavia suna nuna hulɗar kasuwanci da waɗannan yankuna.Kauyukan "Sântana de Mureş-Chernyakhov" wani lokaci suna rufe wani yanki da ya wuce hekta 20 (kadada 49), ba su da katanga kuma sun ƙunshi gidaje iri biyu: bukkoki da aka ruɗe tare da bangon da aka yi da katako da kuma gine-ginen ƙasa tare da bangon katako.Rukunan da aka rutsa da su sun kasance na ƙarni na al'ada don ƙauyuka a gabashin Carpathians, amma yanzu sun bayyana a yankuna masu nisa na tudun Pontic.Mulkin Gothic ya rushe lokacin da Huns suka zo suka kai farmaki kan Thervingi a shekara ta 376. Yawancin Thervingi sun nemi mafaka a Daular Roma, kuma manyan kungiyoyin Greuthungi da Taifali suka biyo baya.Hakazalika, manyan ƙungiyoyin Goths sun zauna a yankunan arewacin Danube.
Constantine Reconquest na Dacia
Constantine Reconquest of Dacia ©Johnny Shumate
328 Jan 1

Constantine Reconquest na Dacia

Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Romania
A cikin 328 sarki Constantine Mai Girma ya buɗe gadar Constantine (Danube) a Sucidava, (yau Celei a Romania) [6] da fatan sake cin nasara a Dacia, lardin da aka yi watsi da shi a ƙarƙashin Aurelian.A ƙarshen hunturu na 332, Constantine ya yi yaƙi da Sarmatians a kan Goths.Yanayi da rashin abinci sun kashe Goths sosai: an ruwaito cewa, kusan dubu ɗari sun mutu kafin su mika wuya ga Roma.A cikin bikin wannan nasara Constantine ya ɗauki lakabin Gothicus Maximus kuma ya yi iƙirarin yankin da aka karkasa a matsayin sabon lardin Gothia.[7] A cikin 334, bayan mutanen Sarmatiyawa sun hambarar da shugabanninsu, Constantine ya jagoranci yaƙin kabilar.Ya ci nasara a yakin tare da mika ikonsa a yankin kamar yadda ragowar sansanonin da kagara a yankin ke nunawa.[8] Constantine ya sake tsugunar da wasu ƴan gudun hijira na Sarmatiyawa a matsayin manoma a yankunan Illyrian da Romawa, ya kuma sa sauran su zama sojoji.Sabuwar iyaka a Dacia ta kasance tare da layin Brazda lui Novac wanda Castra na Hinova, Rusidava da Castra na Pietroasele ke tallafawa.[9] Limes sun wuce zuwa arewacin Castra na Tirighina-Bărboși kuma sun ƙare a tafkin Sasyk kusa da kogin Dniester.[10] Constantine ya ɗauki lakabin Dacicus maximus a cikin 336. [11] Wasu yankunan Romawa a arewacin Danube sun yi tsayayya har sai Justinian.
Mamayewar Hunnic
Daular Hun ta kasance ƙungiyar kabilu da yawa ta kabilun steppe. ©Angus McBride
376 Jan 1 - 453

Mamayewar Hunnic

Romania
Mamaya na Hunnic da mamaye abin da ake kira Romania a yanzu ya faru ne a cikin ƙarni na 4th da 5th.Shugabanni masu iko irin su Attila ne suka jagoranta, Huns sun fito daga gabas ta tsaunuka, suka mamaye Turai suka isa yankin Romania a yau.An san su da mayaƙan dawakai masu ban tsoro da dabarun yaƙi, Huns sun mamaye ƙabilun Jamusawa daban-daban da sauran al'ummomin yankin, suna kafa iko a kan sassan yankin.Kasancewarsu a yankin ya taka rawa wajen tsara tarihin Romania da yankunan da ke makwabtaka da ita.Mulkin Hunnic ya kasance mai wucewa, kuma daularsu ta fara raguwa bayan mutuwar Attila a shekara ta 453 AZ.Duk da ɗan gajeren rinjayensu, Huns sun yi tasiri mai ɗorewa a yankin, suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyin ƙaura da sauye-sauyen al'adu waɗanda suka siffata farkon lokacin tsakiyar Turai a Gabashin Turai.Har ila yau, mamayewar nasu ya haifar da ƙarin matsin lamba a kan iyakokin daular Roma, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga raguwarta daga ƙarshe.
Gepids
Kabilun Jamusanci ©Angus McBride
453 Jan 1 - 566

Gepids

Romania
Kasancewar Gepids a yakin Huns a kan Daular Roma ya kawo musu ganima da yawa, yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban arziƙin Gepid aristocracy.[12] Wani "masu ƙima" a ƙarƙashin umurnin Ardaric ya kafa reshen dama na sojojin Attila the Hun a yakin yankin Catalaunian a shekara ta 451. [13] A jajibirin babban gamuwa tsakanin sojojin kawance, Gepids. kuma Franks sun haɗu da juna, na ƙarshe suna yaƙi don Romawa da na farko don Huns, kuma da alama sun yi yaƙi da juna don tsayawa.Attila the Hun ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a cikin 453. Rikice-rikice tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza sun zama yakin basasa, wanda ya ba da damar mutane masu magana su tashi cikin tawaye.[14] A cewar Jordanes, Sarkin Gepid, Ardaric, wanda "ya fusata saboda yawancin al'ummomi ana ɗaukar su kamar bayi na yanayin mafi ƙasƙanci", [15] shi ne farkon wanda ya ɗauki makamai a kan Huns.An yi wannan gagarumin yakin ne a kogin Nedao da ke Pannonia a shekara ta 454 ko 455. [16] A cikin yakin, hadin gwiwar sojojin Gepids, Rugii, Sarmatians da Suebi sun fatattaki Huns da abokansu, ciki har da Ostrogoths.[17] Gepids ne suka jagoranci tsoffin abokan Attila, kuma suka kafa ɗaya daga cikin sabbin masarautu mafi girma kuma mafi yanci, ta haka suka sami "babban birnin martaba wanda ya ci gaba da mulkinsu fiye da ɗari ɗaya".[18] Ya rufe babban yanki na tsohon lardin Roman Dacia, arewacin Danube, kuma idan aka kwatanta da sauran masarautun Danubian na Tsakiya, ya kasance ba shi da alaƙa da Roma.Lombards da Avars sun ci Gepids a karni na baya a cikin 567, lokacin da Constantinople ya ba su goyon baya.Wasu Gepids sun shiga Lombards a cikin nasarar da suka yi na Italiya, wasu sun koma cikin yankin Romawa, wasu Gepids kuma har yanzu suna zaune a yankin tsohuwar mulkin bayan da Avars suka ci shi.
Slavic Hijira zuwa Balkans
Slavic Hijira zuwa Balkans ©HistoryMaps
500 Jan 1

Slavic Hijira zuwa Balkans

Balkans
Hijira Slavic zuwa Balkans ya fara ne a tsakiyar karni na 6 da farkon shekarun farko na karni na 7 a farkon tsakiyar zamanai.Saurin yaɗuwar alƙaluman jama'a na Slavs ya biyo bayan musayar yawan jama'a, gaurayawan harshe da jujjuyawar harshe zuwa kuma daga Slavic.An sami sauƙaƙa sulhu ta hanyar raguwar yawan al'ummar Balkan a lokacin Annobar Justinian.Wani dalili kuma shine Late Antique Little Ice Age daga 536 zuwa kusan 660 CE da kuma jerin yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Daular Sasaniya da Avar Khaganate a kan Daular Roma ta Gabas .Kashin baya na Avar Khaganate ya ƙunshi kabilun Slavic.Bayan gazawar da aka yi wa Konstantinoful a lokacin rani na 626, sun kasance a cikin yankin Balkan mai faɗi bayan sun zaunar da lardunan Byzantine a kudu da kogin Sava da Danube, daga Adriatic zuwa Aegean har zuwa Bahar Maliya.Gajiye da dalilai da yawa kuma ya ragu zuwa yankunan bakin teku na Balkans, Byzantium bai iya yin yaki a bangarori biyu ba kuma ya dawo da yankunan da ya ɓace, don haka ya yi sulhu tare da kafa tasirin Sklavinias kuma ya haifar da ƙawance tare da su a kan Avar da Bulgar. Khaganates.
Avars
Lombard Warrior ©Anonymous
566 Jan 1 - 791

Avars

Ópusztaszer, Pannonian Basin,
A shekara ta 562 Avars ne ke iko da ƙananan kwarin Danube da tsaunin arewacin Bahar Maliya.[19] A lokacin da suka isa yankin Balkan, Avars sun kafa rukunin mahayan dawakai kusan 20,000.[20] Bayan Sarkin Rumawa Justinian na siye su, sai suka tura arewa maso yamma zuwa Jamus.Koyaya, 'yan adawar Faransa sun dakatar da fadada Avars a wannan hanyar.Neman filayen kiwo masu wadata, Avars da farko sun bukaci ƙasa a kudancin Danube a Bulgaria a yau, amma Rumawa sun ƙi, suna amfani da hulɗar su da Göktürks a matsayin barazana ga zalunci na Avar.[21] Avars sun mayar da hankalinsu ga Basin Carpathian da kuma kariyar dabi'ar da ta ke bayarwa.[22] Gepids ne suka mamaye Basin Carpathian.A cikin 567 Avars sun kulla kawance da Lombards - abokan gaba na Gepids - kuma tare sun lalata yawancin mulkin Gepid.Avars sai suka rinjayi Lombards su koma arewacinItaliya .
Bulgars
Avars da Bulgars ©Angus McBride
680 Jan 1

Bulgars

Romania
Bulgars masu magana da Turkawa sun isa yankunan yammacin kogin Dniester a wajajen shekara ta 670. [28] A yakin Ongal sun yi galaba a kan Roman Gabas (ko Byzantine ) Sarkin sarakuna Constantine IV a 680 ko 681, ya mamaye Dobruja kuma ya kafa daular Bulgeriya ta farko. .[29] Ba da jimawa ba sai suka dora ikonsu a kan wasu kabilun da ke makwabtaka da su.Tsakanin 804 zuwa 806, sojojin Bulgaria sun lalata Avars kuma sun lalata jiharsu.Krum na Bulgaria ya dauki sassan gabashin tsohon Avar Khaganate kuma ya karbi mulkin kabilun Slavic na gida.A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Daular Bulgariya ta mallaki manyan yankuna zuwa arewacin kogin Danube (tare da katsewa) daga kafuwarta a 681 zuwa rarrabuwar ta a 1371-1422.Bayanan asali na mulkin Bulgaria na ƙarni da yawa ba su da yawa yayin da aka lalata ma'ajiyar tarihin sarakunan Bulgaria kuma an ambaci kaɗan game da wannan yanki a cikin rubutun Byzantine ko Hungarian.A lokacin daular Bulgaria ta farko, al'adun Dridu sun bunkasa a farkon karni na 8 kuma sun bunkasa har zuwa karni na 11.[30] A Bulgaria yawanci ana kiranta da al'adun Pliska-Preslav.
Pechenegs
Pechenegs ©Angus McBride
700 Jan 1 - 1000

Pechenegs

Romania
Pechenegs, mutanen Turkawa mazauna yankin tsakiyar Asiya ta tsakiya, sun mamaye yankunan arewacin Bahar Maliya daga karni na 8 zuwa na 11, kuma a karni na 10 sun kasance masu iko da duk yankin tsakanin Don da ƙananan kogin Danube.[31] A cikin ƙarni na 11 da na 12, ƙungiyar makiyaya ta Cumans da Kipchaks ta Gabas ta mamaye yankuna tsakanin Kazakhstan ta yau, kudancin Rasha, Ukraine, kudancin Moldavia da yammacin Wallachia.[32]
Magyars
Otto the Great ya murkushe Magyars a yakin Lechfeld, 955. ©Angus McBride
895 Jan 1

Magyars

Ópusztaszer, Pannonian Basin,
Rikici mai dauke da makamai tsakanin Bulgaria da 'yan Hungarian makiyaya ya tilasta wa na karshen barin Pontic steppes kuma ya fara cin nasara a cikin Basin Carpathian a kusa da 895. Mamaya nasu ya haifar da tunani na farko, wanda aka rubuta wasu ƙarni daga baya a cikin Gesta Hungarorum, zuwa siyasa. wani Duke dan Romania mai suna Gelou ya mulki.Wannan tushe kuma ya ambaci kasancewar Székelys a Crişana a kusa da 895. Nassoshi na farko na zamani game da mutanen Romania - waɗanda a da ake kira Vlachs - a cikin yankuna da suka kafa Romania an rubuta su a cikin ƙarni na 12 da 13.Nassoshi game da Vlachs da ke zaune a yankunan kudu na Lower Danube sun yi yawa a cikin lokaci guda.
Tsarin Hungarian
Hungarian Rule ©Angus McBride
1000 Jan 1 - 1241

Tsarin Hungarian

Romania
Stephen I, wanda ya fara sarauta a Hungary wanda mulkinsa ya fara a shekara ta 1000 ko 1001, ya hada yankin Carpathian Basin.A kusa da 1003, ya kaddamar da yakin da "kawun mahaifiyarsa, King Gyula" kuma ya mamaye Transylvania.Transylvania na Medieval wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na Masarautar Hungary ;duk da haka, yanki ne daban na gudanarwa.A cikin yankin Romania na zamani, an kafa dioceses na Roman Katolika guda uku tare da kujerunsu a Alba Iulia, Biharea, da Cenad.[36]Gudanar da sarauta a duk masarautar ya dogara ne akan gundumomi da aka tsara a kewayen katangar sarauta.[37] A cikin yankin Romania na zamani, nassoshi game da ispán ko ƙidaya Alba [38] a cikin 1097, da kuma kirga Bihor a cikin 1111 yana nuna bayyanar tsarin gundumar.[39] Gundumomi a Banat da Crişana sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon sarauta kai tsaye, amma babban jami'in daular, voivode, ya kula da ispans na gundumomin Transylvanian daga ƙarshen karni na 12.[40]Kasancewar farkon Székelys a Tileagd a Crişana, da Gârbova, Saschiz, da Sebeş a cikin Transylvania an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar sarauta.[41] Ƙungiyoyin Székely daga Gârbova, Saschiz, da Sebeş an ƙaura zuwa 1150 zuwa yankunan gabas na Transylvania, lokacin da sarakuna suka ba da waɗannan yankuna ga sababbin mazauna da suka zo daga yammacin Turai.[42] An shirya Székelys zuwa "kujeru" maimakon gundumomi, kuma wani jami'in sarauta, "Count of the Székelys" ya zama shugaban al'ummarsu daga 1220s.Székelys sun ba da sabis na soja ga sarakuna kuma sun kasance ba tare da biyan harajin sarauta ba.
Cumans
Teutonic Knights suna fada da Cumans a Cumania. ©Graham Turner
1060 Jan 1

Cumans

Romania
An fara rubuta zuwan Cuman a yankin Lower Danube a cikin 1055. [43] [Ƙungiyoyin] Cuman sun taimaka wa Bulgarian da Vlachs masu tawaye a kan Rumawa tsakanin 1186 da 1197. cin nasara da Mongols suka yi a yakin kogin Kalka a 1223. [45] Ba da da ewa ba Boricius, wani basarake na Cuman, [46] ya karɓi baftisma da fifikon sarkin Hungary.[47]
Hijira ta Transylvanian Saxon
Garin Medieval karni na 13. ©Anonymous
1150 Jan 1

Hijira ta Transylvanian Saxon

Transylvanian Basin, Cristești
Turawan mulkin mallaka na Transylvania da 'yan kabilar Jamus daga baya aka fi sani da Transylvanian Saxon ya fara a karkashin mulkin Sarki Géza II na Hungary (1141-1162).[48] ​​Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa a jere, babban aikin waɗannan ƙauyuka na tsaka-tsaki masu magana da Jamusanci (kamar na Szeklers misali a gabashin Transylvania) shine kare iyakokin kudanci, kudu maso gabas, da arewa maso gabas na Masarautar Hungary a lokacin. Maharan kasashen waje da suka fito musamman daga tsakiyar Asiya har ma da Gabashin Asiya mai nisa (misali Cumans, Pechenegs, Mongols, da Tatars).A lokaci guda kuma, an tuhumi Saxon da haɓaka aikin gona da gabatar da al'adun tsakiyar Turai.[49] Daga baya, Saxon sun buƙaci su ƙara ƙarfafa ƙauyukansu na ƙauye da na birni don mamaye Ottomans (ko a kan mamayewa da fadada daular Ottoman ).Su ma 'yan Saxon da ke arewa maso gabashin Transylvania su ne ke kula da hakar ma'adinai.Ana iya fahimtar su kamar suna da alaƙa da Zipser Saxons daga Spiš na yau (Jamus: Zips), arewa maso gabashin Slovakia (da sauran yankuna na tarihi na Romania ta zamani, wato Maramureș da Bukovina) ganin cewa su biyu ne na tsoffin kabilun Jamus a tsakiyar Turai da gabashin Turai waɗanda ba 'yan asalin Jamus ba.[50]Guguwar farko ta sasantawa ta ci gaba da kyau har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 13.Ko da yake ’yan mulkin mallaka sun fito galibi daga Daular Rum Mai Tsarki ta yamma kuma gabaɗaya suna magana da yaren Franconian iri-iri, an kira su gaba ɗaya a matsayin 'Saxon' saboda Jamusawa da ke aiki ga gwamnatin gwamnatin Hungary.[51]An ci gaba da zama tare da zuwan Teutonic Knights a Ţara Bârsei a cikin 1211. [52] An ba su 'yancin wucewa ta cikin 'ƙasar Székelys da ƙasar Vlachs' cikin 'yanci a 1222. Maƙiyan sun yi ƙoƙari su 'yantar da kansu. daga ikon sarki, don haka Sarki Andrew II ya kore su daga yankin a shekara ta 1225. [53] Bayan haka, sarki ya nada magajinsa, Béla, [54] da lakabin Duke, don gudanar da Transylvania.Duke Béla ya mamaye Oltenia kuma ya kafa sabon lardi, Banate na Severin, a cikin 1230s.[55]
Vlach-Bulgarian tawaye
Vlach-Bulgarian tawaye ©Angus McBride
1185 Jan 1 - 1187

Vlach-Bulgarian tawaye

Balkan Peninsula
Sabbin haraji da hukumomin daular suka sanya ya haifar da tawaye na Vlachs da Bulgaria a cikin 1185, [33] wanda ya kai ga kafa daular Bulgaria ta biyu .[34] Babban matsayi na Vlachs a cikin sabuwar jihar yana tabbatar da rubuce-rubucen Robert na Clari da sauran marubutan yammacin duniya, waɗanda ke nufin sabuwar jiha ko yankunan tsaunuka a matsayin "Vlachia" har zuwa 1250s.[35]
Kafa Wallachia
Mamayewar Mongol na Turai ©Angus McBride
1241 Jan 1 00:01

Kafa Wallachia

Wallachia, Romania
A shekara ta 1236 aka tattara babban sojojin Mongol karkashin jagorancin Batu Khan, suka tashi zuwa yamma, a daya daga cikin mafi girma a tarihin duniya.[56 <] > Ko da yake wasu ƙungiyoyin Cuman sun tsira daga mamayar Mongol, an kashe ƙawancen Cuman.[58] Dakarun Batu Khan sun ci gaba da zama a yankin Gabashin Turai kuma sun zama sassan Golden Horde .[57] <> Amma Mongols ba su bar wani sansani ba ko wani runduna na soji a yankin Danube na ƙasa kuma ba su da ikon siyasa kai tsaye.Bayan mamayewar Mongol, da yawa (idan ba mafi yawan) daga cikin mutanen Cuman sun bar Filin Wallachian, amma yawan mutanen Vlach (Romawa) sun kasance a wurin karkashin jagorancin shugabannin yankinsu, wanda ake kira knezes and voivodes.A cikin 1241, ikon Cuman ya ƙare - ba a tabbatar da mulkin Mongol kai tsaye kan Wallachia ba.Wataƙila Masarautar Hungary da Bulgariya sun yi jayayya da wani ɓangare na Wallachia a ɗan lokaci a cikin lokaci mai zuwa, [59] amma ya bayyana cewa mummunan rauni na ikon Hungarian a lokacin hare-haren Mongol ya ba da gudummawa ga kafa sabbin kuma mafi ƙarfi na siyasa da aka tabbatar a Wallachia don shekarun da suka gabata.[60]
1310 - 1526
Wallachia da Moldaviaornament
Wallachia mai zaman kanta
Basarab I na sojojin Wallachia sun yi wa Charles Robert na Anjou kwanton bauna, sarkin Hungary da sojojinsa 30,000 na mamaya.Mayakan Vlach (Romawa) sun yi birgima kan duwatsu a kan gefuna na dutse a wani wurin da mayakan Hungarian suka hau doki ba za su iya tserewa daga gare su ba balle su hau tudu don korar maharan. ©József Molnár
1330 Nov 9 - Nov 12

Wallachia mai zaman kanta

Posada, Romania
A cikin takardar shaidar difloma, mai kwanan wata 26 ga Yuli, 1324, Sarkin Hungary Charles na farko ya kira Basarab a matsayin "boyarmu ta Wallachia" wanda ke nuna cewa a lokacin Basarab bawan ne na sarkin Hungary.[62 <] > Amma a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, Basarab ya ƙi yarda da sarautar sarki, domin ba za a iya yarda da ikon Basarab ko manufofin harkokin waje da yake gudanarwa a kan kansa zuwa kudu ba a Hungary.[63] A wata sabuwar difloma, mai kwanan wata 18 ga Yuni, 1325, Sarki Charles I ya ambace shi a matsayin "Basarab na Wallachia, marar aminci ga Sarki Mai Tsarki Crown" (Bazarab Transalpinum regie corone infidelem).[64]Da yake begen hukunta Basarab, Sarki Charles na I ya kai masa farmaki a shekara ta 1330. Sarkin ya ci gaba da mai masaukinsa zuwa Wallachia inda duk abin ya lalace.Ya kasa cin galaba a kan Basarab, sarki ya ba da umarnin a koma ta cikin duwatsu.Amma a cikin wani kwari mai tsayi da kunkuntar, sojojin kasar Hungary sun kai wa sojojin Romania hari, wadanda suka hau kan tudu.Yaƙin, wanda ake kira Yaƙin Posada, ya ɗauki kwanaki huɗu (9-12 ga Nuwamba, 1330) kuma ya kasance bala'i ga Hungarian waɗanda shan kashi ya yi muni.[65 <>] Sai dai sarkin ya sami nasarar tserewa da ransa ta hanyar musayar rigarsa ta sarauta da ɗaya daga cikin masu rike da shi.[66]Yakin Posada ya kasance wani sauyi a dangantakar Hungarian-Wallachian: ko da yake a cikin karni na 14, sarakunan Hungary sun yi ƙoƙari su tsara ɓarna na Wallachia fiye da sau ɗaya, amma suna iya yin nasara na ɗan lokaci.Don haka nasarar Basarab ba za ta iya warwarewa ba ta buɗe hanyar samun 'yancin kai ga Mulkin Wallachia.
Kafa Moldavia
Voivode Dragoș yana farautar bison. ©Constantin Lecca
1360 Jan 1

Kafa Moldavia

Moldavia, Romania
Dukansu Poland da Hungary sun yi amfani da raguwar Golden Horde ta hanyar fara sabon haɓaka a cikin 1340s.Bayan da sojojin kasar Hungary suka fatattaki Mongols a shekara ta 1345, an gina sabbin garu a gabashin Carpathians.Yarjejeniya ta sarauta, tarihin tarihi da sunayen wuri sun nuna cewa 'yan mulkin mallaka na Hungary da Saxon sun zauna a yankin.Dragoș ya mallaki filaye tare da Moldova tare da amincewar Sarki Louis I na Hungary, amma Vlachs sun yi tawaye ga mulkin Louis tun a ƙarshen 1350s.Kafuwar Moldavia ya fara ne da zuwan wani Vlach (Romania) voivode (shugaban soja), Dragoș, ba da daɗewa ba mutanensa suka biyo baya daga Maramureș, sannan kuma voivodeship, zuwa yankin kogin Moldova.Dragoș ya kafa siyasa a can a matsayin vassal zuwa Masarautar Hungary a cikin 1350s.An sami 'yancin kai na Masarautar Moldavia lokacin da Bogdan I, wani Vlach voivode daga Maramureș wanda ya yi rikici da Sarkin Hungarian, ya ketare Carpathians a 1359 kuma ya mallaki Moldavia, ya kori yankin daga Hungary.Ya kasance mai mulki har zuwa 1859, lokacin da ta haɗu tare da Wallachia, wanda ya fara ci gaban jihar Romania ta zamani.
Vlad the Impaler
Vlad the Impaler ©Angus McBride
1456 Jan 1

Vlad the Impaler

Wallachia, Romania
Wallachia mai zaman kanta ta kasance kusa da iyakar daular Usmaniyya tun karni na 14 har sai da sannu a hankali ta mika wuya ga tasirin daular Usmaniyya a cikin karni na gaba tare da 'yan kankanen lokaci na 'yancin kai.Vlad III the Impaler ya kasance Yariman Wallachia a 1448, 1456-62, da 1476. [67] Ana tunawa da Vlad III saboda hare-haren da ya kai daular Usmaniyya da nasarar da ya samu na ba wa karamar kasarsa 'yanci na dan karamin lokaci.Tarihin Romaniya yana kimanta shi a matsayin mai tsananin tsoro amma mai mulki kawai.
Stephen Mai Girma
Stephen the Great da Vlad Tepes. ©Anonymous
1457 Jan 1 - 1504

Stephen Mai Girma

Moldàvia
Ana tunanin Stephen the Great shine mafi kyawun voivode na Moldavia.Stephen ya yi mulki na shekaru 47, tsawon lokacin da ba a saba gani ba.Ya kasance shugaban soji mai nasara kuma ɗan jaha, wanda ya sha kashi biyu kawai cikin yaƙe-yaƙe hamsin;ya gina wurin ibada domin tunawa da kowace nasara, inda ya kafa majami'u 48 da gidajen ibada, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da salon gine-gine na musamman.Nasarar da Stefan ya samu mafi daraja ita ce a kan Daular Ottoman a shekara ta 1475 a yakin Vaslui, wanda don haka ya tayar da gidan sufi na Voroneţ.Domin wannan nasara, Paparoma Sixtus IV ya zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan kristianae fidei athleta (Champion of the Christian Faith).Bayan mutuwar Istafanus, Moldavia kuma ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon daular Ottoman a cikin karni na 16.
1526 - 1821
Mulkin Ottoman da Zamanin Fanariotornament
Zaman Ottoman a Romania
Ottoman Period in Romania ©Angus McBride
1541 Jan 1 - 1878

Zaman Ottoman a Romania

Romania
Fadada daular Usmaniyya ta kai Danube a wajen 1390. Daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye Wallachia a shekara ta 1390 suka mamaye Dobruja a 1395. Wallachia ya ba daular Usmania kyauta a karon farko a 1417, Moldavia a 1456. Duk da haka, ba a sami wasu shugabannin biyu ba. An bukaci sarakunansu ne kawai su taimaka wa Daular Usmaniyya a yakin da suke yi na soja.Manyan sarakunan Romania na ƙarni na 15 - Vlad the Impaler of Wallachia da Stephen the Great na Moldavia - sun ma iya cin nasara akan Ottoman a manyan yaƙe-yaƙe.A Dobruja, wanda aka haɗa a cikin Silistra Eyalet, Nogai Tatars sun zauna kuma kabilun Gypsy na yankin sun musulunta.Rugujewar daular Hungary ta fara ne da yakin Mohács a ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1526. Daular Usmaniyya ta halaka sojojin sarauta sannan Louis II na Hungary ya halaka.A shekara ta 1541, dukan yankin Balkan da arewacin Hungary sun zama lardunan Ottoman.Moldavia, Wallachia, da Transylvania sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman amma sun kasance masu cikakken 'yancin kai har zuwa karni na 18, suna da 'yancin kai na ciki.
Mulkin Transylvania
John Sigismund ya yi mubaya'a ga Sultan Suleiman Mai Girma a Zemun a ranar 29 ga Yuni. ©Anonymous Ottoman author
1570 Jan 1 - 1711

Mulkin Transylvania

Transylvania, Romania
Lokacin da Ottomans suka kashe babban sojojin Hungary da Sarki Louis II Jagiello a yakin Mohács na 1526, John Zápolya - voivod na Transylvania, wanda ya yi adawa da maye gurbin Ferdinand na Ostiriya (daga baya Emperor Ferdinand I) zuwa kursiyin Hungarian - ya sami fa'ida. na karfin sojansa.Sa’ad da aka zaɓi John I ya zama sarkin Hungary, wata ƙungiya ta amince da Ferdinand.A cikin gwagwarmayar da ta biyo baya Zápolya ya sami goyon bayan Sultan Suleiman I, wanda (bayan mutuwar Zápolya a 1540) ya mamaye tsakiyar Hungary don kare ɗan Zápolya John II.John Zápolya ya kafa Masarautar Hungarian ta Gabas (1538-1570), wanda daga ita ce Sarautar Transylvania ta tashi.An kirkiro sarautar ne bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Speyer a shekara ta 1570 da sarki John II da sarki Maximiliam na biyu suka yi, don haka John Sigismund Zápolya, sarkin Hungarian na Gabas ya zama yarima na farko na Transylvania.A cewar yarjejeniyar, masarautar Transylvania da sunan zama wani yanki na Masarautar Hungary a ma'anar dokar jama'a.Yarjejeniyar Speyer ta jaddada ta hanya mai mahimmanci cewa dukiyar John Sigismund na Mai Tsarki Crown na Hungary ne kuma ba a ba shi izinin raba su ba.[68]
Michael the Jarumi
Michael the Jarumi ©Mișu Popp
1593 Jan 1 - 1599

Michael the Jarumi

Romania
Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul) shi ne Yariman Wallachia daga 1593 zuwa 1601, Yariman Moldavia a 1600, kuma shi ne mai mulkin Transylvania a 1599-1600.An san shi da haɗin kan mulkoki uku a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa, mulkin Michael ya zama na farko a tarihi da Wallachia, Moldavia, da Transylvania suka haɗu a ƙarƙashin shugaba ɗaya.Wannan nasarar, ko da yake takaitacciyar hanya ce, ta sa ya zama babban jigo a tarihin Romania.Sha'awar Michael na 'yantar da yankuna daga tasirin Ottoman ya haifar da yakin soji da yawa akan Turkawa.Nasarorin da ya samu sun samu karbuwa da goyon baya daga sauran kasashen turai, amma kuma makiya da yawa.Bayan kashe shi a shekara ta 1601, gwamnatocin haɗin gwiwar sun rushe cikin sauri.Duk da haka, ƙoƙarinsa ya kafa harsashi ga ƙasar Romania ta zamani, kuma ana bikin gadonsa saboda tasirinsa ga kishin ƙasa da asalin Romania.Ana daukar Michael the Brave a matsayin alamar jajircewa, mai kare addinin Kiristanci a Gabashin Turai, kuma jigo a dogon gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai da hadin kai a Romania.
Dogon Yakin Turkiyya
Alamomin yakin Turkiyya. ©Hans von Aachen
1593 Jul 29 - 1606 Nov 11

Dogon Yakin Turkiyya

Romania
Yakin shekaru goma sha biyar ya barke tsakanin Daular Ottoman da Habsburgs a shekara ta 1591. Yakin kasa ne da bai taka kara ya karya ba tsakanin Masarautar Habsburg da Daular Ottoman, musamman kan Sarakunan Wallachia, Transylvania, da Moldavia.Gabaɗaya, rikicin ya ƙunshi yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsadar gaske da kuma kewaye, amma ba tare da riba kaɗan ba ga kowane bangare.
Babban Yakin Turkiyya
Sobieski a Vienna na Stanisław Chlebowski - Sarki John III na Poland da Grand Duke na Lithuania ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1683 Jul 14 - 1699 Jan 26

Babban Yakin Turkiyya

Balkans
Babban Yakin Turkiyya, wanda kuma ake kira Yakokin Kungiyar Mai Tsarki, ya kasance jerin tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Daular Ottoman da Kungiyar Tsarkaka da ta kunshi Daular Roma Mai Tsarki, Poland-Lithuania , Venice , Daular Rasha , da Masarautar Hungary .Yaƙi mai tsanani ya fara a shekara ta 1683 kuma ya ƙare tare da rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Karlowitz a shekara ta 1699. Yaƙin ya kasance shan kashi ga Daular Ottoman, wanda a karon farko ya yi hasarar yankuna masu yawa, a Hungary da Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth, kazalika. a matsayin wani ɓangare na yammacin Balkans.Yakin yana da matukar muhimmanci ta kasancewa karo na farko da Rasha ta shiga kawance da yammacin Turai.
Transylvania a ƙarƙashin Dokar Habsburg
Transylvania under Habsburg Rule ©Angus McBride
1699 Jan 1 - 1920

Transylvania a ƙarƙashin Dokar Habsburg

Transylvania, Romania
Mulkin Transylvania ya kai shekarun zinari a ƙarƙashin mulkin Gábor Bethlen daga 1613 zuwa 1629. A cikin 1690, masarautar Habsburg ta sami mallakar Transylvania ta hanyar kambin Hungarian .[69] A ƙarshen karni na 18 da farkon karni na 19, Moldavia, Wallachia da Transylvania sun sami kansu a matsayin yanki mai rikici don daulolin makwabta guda uku: Daular Habsburg, sabuwar daular Rasha ta bayyana, da Daular Ottoman .Bayan gazawar Rákóczi's War of Independence a 1711 [70] An ƙarfafa ikon Habsburg na Transylvania, kuma an maye gurbin sarakunan Hungarian Transylvanian da gwamnonin daular Habsburg.[71 <] > A cikin 1699, Transylvania ta zama wani ɓangare na masarautar Habsburg bayan nasarar da Austrian ta yi akan Turkawa.[72 <>] Habsburgs sun faɗaɗa daularsu cikin sauri;a shekara ta 1718 Oltenia, wani babban yanki na Wallachia, an haɗa shi da masarautar Habsburg kuma an dawo da shi kawai a shekara ta 1739. A 1775, Habsburgs daga baya sun mamaye arewa maso yammacin Moldavia, wanda daga baya ake kira Bukovina kuma an haɗa shi da Daular Austriya. a cikin 1804. Rabin gabashin gabas na mulkin, wanda ake kira Bessarabia, ya kasance a cikin 1812 ta Rasha.
Bessarabia a cikin daular Rasha
Janairu Suchodolski ©Capitulation of Erzurum (1829)
1812 May 28

Bessarabia a cikin daular Rasha

Moldova
Kamar yadda daular Rasha ta lura da raunin daular Ottoman , ta mamaye rabin gabas na mulkin mallaka na Moldavia, tsakanin kogin Prut da Dniester.Wannan ya biyo bayan shekaru shida na yakin, wanda yarjejeniyar Bucharest (1812) ta kammala, wanda daular Ottoman ta amince da mamaye lardin Rasha.[73]A cikin 1814, mazaunan Jamus na farko sun isa kuma galibi sun zauna a sassan kudanci, kuma 'yan Bulgarian Bessarabiya sun fara zama a yankin su ma, sun kafa garuruwa irin su Bolhrad.A tsakanin shekara ta 1812 zuwa 1846 al'ummar Bulgaria da Gagauz sun yi hijira zuwa daular Rasha ta kogin Danube, bayan sun shafe shekaru da dama suna karkashin mulkin danniya na Ottoman, suka zauna a kudancin Bessarabia.Ƙabilun Turkawa na Nogai horde suma sun zauna a yankin Budjak (a cikin Bucak na Turkiyya) na kudancin Bessarabia daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 18 amma an kore su gaba ɗaya kafin 1812. A hukumance, Bessarabia ta zama yankin daular Rasha a 1818, kuma Gwamna a 1873.
1821 - 1877
Farkawa ta Kasa da Hanyar 'Yanciornament
Rikicin Ottoman mai rauni
Siege na Akhaltsikhe 1828 ©January Suchodolski
1829 Jan 1

Rikicin Ottoman mai rauni

Wallachia, Romania
Bayan da suka sha kaye a hannun Rashawa a yakin Russo-Turkish (1828-1829), daular Ottoman ta maido da tashar jiragen ruwa na Danube na Turnu, Giurgiu da Braila zuwa Wallachia, kuma sun amince su bar kasuwancinsu na kasuwanci tare da amincewa da 'yancin kewayawa a Danube. kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar Adrianople, wadda aka sanya hannu a cikin 1829. 'Yancin siyasa na sarakunan Romania ya girma yayin da Majalisar Al'umma ta ƙunshi boyars, hanyar da ake amfani da ita don rage rashin zaman lafiya da kuma tsoma bakin Ottoman.Bayan yaƙin, ƙasashen Romania sun shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin Rasha a ƙarƙashin mulkin Janar Pavel Kiselyov har zuwa 1844. A lokacin mulkinsa, boyars na gida sun kafa tsarin mulkin Romania na farko.
Juyin juya halin Wallachian na 1848
Tricolor Blue Yellow Red na 1848. ©Costache Petrescu
1848 Jun 23 - Sep 25

Juyin juya halin Wallachian na 1848

Bucharest, Romania
Juyin juya halin Wallachian na 1848 wani tawaye ne na 'yanci da kishin ƙasa na Romania a cikin Mulkin Wallachia.Wani ɓangare na juyin juya halin 1848, kuma yana da alaƙa da haɗin kai tare da rashin nasara a tawaye a cikin mulkin Moldavia, ya nemi kawar da gwamnatin da hukumomin Rasha suka kafa a karkashin tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki, kuma, ta hanyar yawancin shugabanninsa, ya bukaci a soke boyar. gata.A karkashin jagorancin wasu gungun matasa masu ilimi da jami'ai a cikin 'yan tawayen Wallachian, kungiyar ta yi nasarar hambarar da gwamnatin Yarima Gheorghe Bibescu mai mulki, wanda ta maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin wucin gadi da kuma na gwamnati, tare da aiwatar da wasu manyan sauye-sauye na ci gaba, da aka sanar a cikin sanarwar. ta Islaz.Duk da nasarorin da aka samu cikin sauri da goyon bayan jama'a, sabuwar gwamnatin ta fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin bangaren masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma karin dakarun 'yan mazan jiya, musamman kan batun sake fasalin kasa.Juyin mulkin biyu na zubar da ciki a jere ya iya raunana Gwamnati, kuma matsayinta na kasa da kasa a koyaushe yana adawa da Rasha.Bayan gudanar da gudanar da wani mataki na nuna juyayi daga shugabannin siyasar daular Usmaniyya , a karshe juyin juya halin Musulunci ya zama saniyar ware ta hanyar tsoma bakin jami'an diflomasiyyar Rasha, daga karshe kuma aka danne shi ta hanyar shiga tsakani na bai daya na sojojin Ottoman da na Rasha, ba tare da wani muhimmin nau'i na tsayin daka da makami ba.Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, yanayin kasa da kasa ya tabbatar da cikar manufofinsa, kuma tsoffin masu juyin juya hali sun zama ajin siyasa na asali a hadaddiyar Romania.
Haɗin kai na Moldavia da Wallachia
Sanarwar kungiyar Moldo-Wallachian. ©Theodor Aman
1859 Jan 1

Haɗin kai na Moldavia da Wallachia

Romania
Bayan juyin juya hali na 1848 da bai yi nasara ba, Manyan Mahukunta sun ki amincewa da sha'awar Romawa a hukumance a hukumance a cikin kasa guda, wanda ya tilasta wa Romawa su ci gaba su kadai a gwagwarmayar da suke yi da Daular Ottoman .[74]Sakamakon daular Rasha ta sha kashi a yakin Crimean ya kawo yerjejeniyar Paris ta 1856, wacce ta fara lokacin koyarwa na gama gari ga Ottomans da Majalisar Manyan Mahukunta - Burtaniya ta Burtaniya da Ireland, Daular Faransa ta biyu, Masarautar Piedmont-Sardinia, Daular Austriya, Prussia, kuma, kodayake ba a sake cikawa ba, Rasha.Yayin da yakin neman zaben Moldavia-Wallachia, wanda ya mamaye bukatun siyasa, ya sami karbuwa tare da tausayawa daga Faransawa, Rashawa, Prussians, da Sardinians, daular Austrian ta ki amincewa da shi, kuma Birtaniya da Ottomans suka yi watsi da shi. .Tattaunawar ta yi daidai da yarjejeniya kan wata 'yar karamar kungiya, wacce za a fi sani da United Principalities na Moldavia da Wallachia amma tare da cibiyoyi da kujeru daban-daban kuma tare da kowace hukuma ta zabi yarima nata.Haka kuma taron ya bayyana cewa, sojojin za su ajiye tsofaffin tutocinsu, tare da sanya wa kowannen su shudin shudi.Duk da haka, zaɓen Moldavia da Wallachian na divans na ad-hoc a shekara ta 1859 sun sami fa'ida daga rashin fahimta a cikin rubutun yarjejeniyar ƙarshe, wanda, yayin da aka ayyana kujeru biyu daban-daban, bai hana mutum ɗaya ya mallaki kujerun biyu a lokaci ɗaya ba kuma a ƙarshe ya shigar da shi. Hukuncin Alexandru Ioan Cuza a matsayin Domnitor (Yarima mai Mulki) a kan Moldavia da Wallachia daga 1859 zuwa gaba, tare da haɗin kan manyan hukumomin biyu.[75]Alexander Ioan Cuza ya gudanar da gyare-gyaren da suka hada da kawar da bautar gumaka tare da fara hada kan cibiyoyin daya bayan daya duk da taron da aka yi daga birnin Paris.Tare da taimakon ƴan ƙungiyar, ya haɗa gwamnati da majalisar dokoki, tare da haɗa Wallachia da Moldavia yadda ya kamata zuwa ƙasa ɗaya kuma a cikin 1862 an canza sunan ƙasar zuwa United Principalities na Romania.
1878 - 1947
Masarautar Romania da yakin duniyaornament
Yakin &#39;Yancin Romania
Yakin Russo-Turkiyya (1877-1878). ©Alexey Popov
1878 Jul 13

Yakin 'Yancin Romania

Romania
A cikin juyin mulkin 1866, an kori Cuza kuma an maye gurbinsa da Yarima Karl na Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.An nada shi Domnitor, Yarima mai mulki na United Principality na Romania, a matsayin Yarima Carol na Romania.Romania ta shelanta 'yancin kai daga Daular Usmaniyya bayan yakin Rasha da Turkiyya (1877-1878) , inda Daular Usmaniyya ta yaki daular Rasha .A cikin 1878 Yarjejeniyar Berlin, Ƙasashen Duniya sun amince da Romania a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta.[76] <> A sakamakon haka, Romania ta ba da gundumar Bessarabia ga Rasha don samun damar shiga tashar jiragen ruwa na Bahar Maliya kuma ta sami Dobruja.A cikin 1881, matsayin sarautar Romania ya kasance na masarauta kuma a ranar 26 ga Maris na wannan shekarar, Yarima Carol ya zama Sarki Carol I na Romania.
Yakin Balkan na biyu
Sojojin Girka suna ci gaba a cikin Kresna Gorge ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1913 Jun 29 - Aug 10

Yakin Balkan na biyu

Balkan Peninsula
Tsakanin 1878 zuwa 1914 ya kasance na kwanciyar hankali da ci gaba ga Romania.A lokacin yakin Balkan na biyu , Romania ta shiga Girka , Serbia da Montenegro da Bulgaria .Bulgeriya, ba ta gamsu da rabonta na ganimar yakin Balkan na farko, ta kai wa tsoffin kawayenta, Serbia da Girka hari, a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni - 10 ga Agusta 1913. Sojojin Serbia da na Girka sun fatattaki harin da Bulgaria suka kai musu inda suka shiga Bulgaria.Tare da Bulgaria ma a baya sun shiga rikicin yanki tare da Romania [77] da kuma yawancin sojojin Bulgaria da suka tsunduma a kudu, fatan samun nasara cikin sauki ya tunzura Romanian shiga tsakani a kan Bulgaria.Daular Usmaniyya ta kuma yi amfani da wannan damar wajen maido da wasu yankuna da suka bata daga yakin baya.A lokacin da sojojin Romania suka tunkari Sofia babban birnin kasar, Bulgaria ta nemi da a ba da makamai, wanda ya haifar da yerjejeniyar Bucharest, inda Bulgariya ta mika wani kaso na ribar yakin Balkan na farko ga Serbia, Girka da Romania.A cikin yarjejeniyar Bucharest na 1913, Romania ta sami Kudancin Dobruja kuma ta kafa gundumomin Durostor da Caliacra.[78]
Romania a yakin duniya na daya
Hoton Burtaniya, yana maraba da shawarar Romania ta shiga cikin Entente ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1916 Aug 27 - 1918 Nov 11

Romania a yakin duniya na daya

Romania
Masarautar Romania ta kasance tsaka tsaki a cikin shekaru biyu na farko na yakin duniya na daya, ta shiga a gefen ikon kawance daga 27 ga Agusta 1916 har zuwa lokacin mamaye tsakiyar tsakiyar ya kai ga yarjejeniyar Bucharest a watan Mayu 1918, kafin sake shiga yakin a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1918 Ita ce ta fi kowacce rijiyoyin mai a Turai, kuma Jamus ta yi ɗokin sayen man fetur ɗinta, da kuma kayan abinci da ake fitarwa zuwa ketare.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Romania wani bangare ne na Gabashin Gabashin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, tare da Rumaniya da Rasha waɗanda ke kawance da Biritaniya da Faransa a kan Ƙarfin Tsakiyar Jamus, Austria-Hungary, Daular Ottoman , da Bulgeriya .An gwabza fada tsakanin watan Agusta 1916 zuwa Disamba 1917 a mafi yawan yankunan Romania na yau, ciki har da Transylvania, wanda ke cikin daular Austro- Hungary a lokacin, da kuma Kudancin Dobruja, wanda a halin yanzu yana cikin Bulgaria.Shirin yakin neman zabe na Romania (Hypothesis Z) ya kunshi kai hari kan Austria-Hungary a Transylvania, yayin da suke kare Kudancin Dobruja da Giurgiu daga Bulgaria a kudu.Duk da nasarorin da aka samu a Transylvania, bayan da Jamusawa suka fara taimakawa Austria-Hungary da Bulgaria, sojojin Romania (taimakon Rasha) sun fuskanci koma baya, kuma a karshen 1916 daga cikin yankin Tsohon Mulkin Romania kawai Western Moldavia ya kasance a karkashin mulkin mallaka. kula da sojojin Romania da na Rasha.Bayan nasarar da aka samu na tsaro da yawa a cikin 1917 a Mărăști, Mărășești, da Oituz, tare da janyewar Rasha daga yaƙin bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba , Romania, kusan gaba ɗaya kewaye da Tsakiyar Powers, kuma an tilasta musu ficewa daga yakin.Ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Bucharest tare da manyan iko a watan Mayu 1918. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Romania za ta rasa duk Dobruja zuwa Bulgaria, duk Carpathian ya wuce zuwa Austria-Hungary kuma za ta ba da hayar dukkanin man fetur ga Jamus don 99. shekaru.Duk da haka, manyan kasashen tsakiya sun amince da tarayyar Romania da Bessarabia wadda ba da jimawa ba ta ayyana 'yancin kai daga Daular Rasha bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba kuma ta kada kuri'ar yin tarayya da Romania a watan Afrilun 1918. Majalisar ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, amma sarki Ferdinand ya ki rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, yana fatan kulla yarjejeniyar. Nasarar kawance a gaban yamma.A watan Oktoban 1918, Romania ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar Bucharest kuma a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1918, kwana daya kafin sojojin Jamus, Romania ta sake shiga yakin bayan nasarar da aka samu a gaban Macedonia kuma ya ci gaba a Transylvania.Kashegari, Yarjejeniyar Bucharest ta rushe ta hanyar sharuɗɗan Rundunar Sojojin Compiègne.
Babban Romania
Bucharest a 1930. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1918 Jan 1 - 1940

Babban Romania

Romania
Kafin yakin duniya na 1 , ƙungiyar Michael the Brave, wanda ya yi mulki a kan manyan hukumomi guda uku tare da mutanen Romania (Wallachia, Transylvania da Moldavia) na ɗan gajeren lokaci, [79] an duba shi a cikin lokutan baya a matsayin madaidaicin Romaniya ta zamani. , wani labarin da aka yi gardama tare da lura da tsanani ta Nicolae Bălcescu.Wannan ka'idar ta zama abin nufi ga 'yan kishin kasa, da kuma wani abin da ya sanya sojojin Romania daban-daban suka cimma kasa daya ta Romania.[80]A cikin 1918, a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ƙungiyar Romania tare da Bukovina ta sami ƙulla a cikin 1919 a cikin Yarjejeniyar Saint Germain, [81] kuma wasu daga cikin Allies sun amince da haɗin gwiwa tare da Bessarabia a 1920 ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Paris da ba a taɓa amincewa da ita ba. .[82] A ranar 1 ga Disamba, Wakilan Romanians daga Transylvania sun kada kuri'a don haɗa Transylvania, Banat, Crișana da Maramureș tare da Romania ta Sanarwar Union of Alba Iulia.'Yan kasar Romania a yau suna bikin wannan a matsayin ranar babbar kungiya, wato ranar hutu ta kasa.Kalmar Romanian Romaniya Mare (Babba ko Babban Romania) tana nufin ƙasar Romania a lokacin tsaka-tsaki da kuma yankin ƙasar Romania a lokacin.A wancan lokacin, Romania ta sami mafi girman yankinta, kusan kilomita 300,000 ko 120,000 sq mi [83] ), gami da duk ƙasashen Romania mai tarihi.[84] A yau, ra'ayin yana aiki a matsayin ka'idar jagora don haɗewar Romania da Moldova.
Romania a yakin duniya na biyu
Antonescu da Adolf Hitler a Führerbau a Munich (Yuni 1941). ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1940 Nov 23

Romania a yakin duniya na biyu

Romania
Bayan yakin duniya na daya , Romania, wadda ta yi yaki tare da Entente, ta yi yaki da masu mulkin tsakiya, ta fadada yankinta sosai, ta hada da yankunan Transylvania, Bessarabia, da Bukovina, musamman sakamakon rashin kwanciyar hankali da aka haifar da rugujewar kasashen. Daulolin Austro- Hungarian da Rasha .Wannan ya kai ga cimma nasarar burin kishin kasa da aka dade ana yi na samar da babbar kasar Romania, kasa ta kasa wadda za ta hada dukkan kabilun Romania.Yayin da shekarun 1930 ke ci gaba, dimokuradiyyar Romania da ta riga ta girgiza a hankali ta tabarbare zuwa mulkin kama-karya.Kundin tsarin mulki na 1923 ya ba wa sarki ikon rusa majalisa da kuma kiran zabe yadda ya ga dama;Sakamakon haka, Romania za ta fuskanci gwamnatoci sama da 25 a cikin shekaru goma.Ƙarƙashin hujjar tabbatar da zaman lafiya a ƙasar, Sarki Carol II da ya ƙara yin shelar ‘mulkin kama-karya’ a shekara ta 1938. Sabon tsarin mulkin ya ƙunshi manufofin kamfanoni waɗanda sau da yawa kamar naFascist Italiya da Jamus na Nazi .[85] A cikin layi daya da waɗannan ci gaba na cikin gida, matsin tattalin arziki da rashin ƙarfi na Franco - martanin Birtaniya ga mummunan manufofin ketare na Hitler ya sa Romania ta fara nisa daga Allies na Yamma kuma kusa da Axis.[86]A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1940 an yanke shawara kan rikicin yankuna da Romania, kuma ta rasa mafi yawan ƙasar Transylvania, wadda ta samu a yakin duniya na ɗaya. Shahararriyar gwamnatin Romania ta ragu, wanda ya ƙara ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin Fasist da na soja, waɗanda a ƙarshe suka tayar da hankali. juyin mulkin da aka yi a watan Satumban 1940 wanda ya mayar da kasar mulkin kama-karya a karkashin Mareșal Ion Antonescu.Sabuwar gwamnatin ta shiga hukumance a hukumance a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1940. A matsayinta na memba na Axis, Romania ta shiga mamayewar Tarayyar Soviet (Operation Barbarossa) a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1941, tana ba da kayan aiki da mai ga Nazi Jamus tare da ba da ƙarin sojoji ga sojojin Soviet. Gabashin Gabas fiye da sauran kawayen Jamus a hade.Sojojin Romania sun taka rawa sosai a lokacin fada a Ukraine, Bessarabia, da yakin Stalingrad.Sojojin Romania ne ke da alhakin zalunci da kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Yahudawa 260,000 a yankunan da Romania ke iko da su, ko da yake rabin Yahudawan da ke zaune a Romania ita kanta suka tsira daga yakin.[87] Romania ta mallaki rundunar Axis mafi girma ta uku a Turai da kuma na huɗu mafi girma na sojojin Axis a duniya, a bayan manyan manyan Axis uku na Jamus,Japan , da Italiya.[88] Bayan Satumba 1943 Armistice na Cassibile tsakanin Allies da Italiya, Romania ta zama na biyu axis Power a Turai.[89]Ƙungiyoyin ƙawance sun jefa bama-bamai a Romania daga 1943 zuwa gaba, kuma sojojin Soviet na gaba sun mamaye ƙasar a cikin 1944. Babban goyon bayan da Romania ta shiga cikin yakin ya ragu, kuma gaban Jamus da Romania ya rushe a karkashin hare-haren Soviet.Sarki Mika'ilu na Romania ya jagoranci juyin mulkin da ya kori gwamnatin Antonescu (Agusta 1944) kuma ya sanya Romania a gefen Allies don ragowar yakin (an kashe Antonescu a watan Yuni 1946).A karkashin yarjejeniyar 1947 na Paris, Ƙungiyoyin ba su amince da Romania a matsayin ƙasa mai haɗin kai ba amma a maimakon haka sun yi amfani da kalmar "abokin Hitler na Jamus" ga duk masu karɓar sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar.Kamar Finland, Romania ta biya dala miliyan 300 ga Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin diyya na yaki.Duk da haka, yarjejeniyar ta amince da cewa Romania ta sauya sheka a ranar 24 ga Agusta 1944, don haka "ta yi aiki a kan bukatun dukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya".A matsayin lada, Arewacin Transylvania, an sake gane shi a matsayin wani muhimmin ɓangare na Romania, amma iyakar da Tarayyar Soviet da Bulgaria an daidaita su a jiharta a cikin Janairu 1941, maido da matsayin pre-Barbarossa (tare da banda daya).
1947 - 1989
Zaman Kwaminisanciornament
Jamhuriyyar gurguzu ta Romania
Gwamnatin Kwaminisanci ta haɓaka ɗabi'ar ɗabi'ar Nicolae Ceaușescu da matarsa ​​Elena. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1947 Jan 1 00:01 - 1989

Jamhuriyyar gurguzu ta Romania

Romania
Mamayewar Tarayyar Soviet bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya ƙarfafa matsayin ’yan gurguzu, waɗanda suka zama masu rinjaye a gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa ta hagu da aka nada a watan Maris 1945. An tilasta wa Sarki Michael I ya yi murabus kuma ya tafi gudun hijira.An yi shelar Romania a matsayin jamhuriyar jama'a [90] kuma ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon soja da tattalin arziki na Tarayyar Soviet har zuwa ƙarshen 1950s.A wannan lokacin, albarkatun Romania sun lalace ta hanyar yarjejeniyar "SovRom";An kafa kamfanoni masu gauraya na Tarayyar Soviet-Roma don su rufe abin da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Romania.[91] Shugaban Romania daga 1948 zuwa mutuwarsa a 1965 shine Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Sakataren Farko na Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Romania.An kafa tsarin mulkin gurguzu tare da kundin tsarin mulkin ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1948. A ranar 11 ga Yuni 1948, an mayar da dukkan bankuna da manyan ‘yan kasuwa zama kasa.Wannan ne ya fara tsarin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Romania don tattara albarkatun kasar ciki har da noma.Bayan shawarwarin janyewar sojojin Soviet, Romania a karkashin sabon jagorancin Nicolae Ceauşescu ta fara bin manufofi masu zaman kansu, ciki har da yin Allah wadai da mamayar da Tarayyar Soviet ta jagoranta a 1968 na Czechoslovakia-Romania ita ce kawai Warsaw Pact kasar da ba ta shiga cikin mamayewa ba. Ci gaba da huldar diflomasiyya da Isra'ila bayan yakin kwanaki shida na 1967 (sake, kasar Warsaw daya tilo da ta yi hakan), da kulla dangantakar tattalin arziki (1963) da diflomasiyya (1967) da Jamus ta Yamma.[92] Dangantakar kut-da-kut da Romania da kasashen Larabawa da kungiyar 'yantar da Falasdinu (PLO) ta ba da damar taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin zaman lafiya na Isra'ila-Masar da Isra'ila-PLO ta hanyar shiga tsakani ziyarar shugaban Masar Sadat zuwa Isra'ila.[93]Tsakanin 1977 da 1981, bashin kasashen waje na Romania ya karu daga dalar Amurka biliyan 3 zuwa dalar Amurka biliyan 94 [94] kuma tasirin kungiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa irin su IMF da Bankin Duniya ya karu, wanda ya ci karo da manufofin Ceauşescu na autarchic.A ƙarshe Ceauşescu ya ƙaddamar da aikin cikakken biyan bashin ƙasashen waje;don cimma hakan, ya sanya manufofin tsuke bakin aljihu da suka talauta Romawa tare da gajiyar da tattalin arzikin kasa.An kammala aikin a shekarar 1989, jim kadan kafin hambarar da shi.
1989
Romanian zamaniornament
Juyin juya halin Romania
Dandalin Juyin Juyi na Bucharest, Romania, a lokacin juyin juya halin 1989.Hoton da aka ɗauka daga tagar da ta karye na Otal ɗin Athénée Palace. ©Anonymous
1989 Dec 16 - Dec 30

Juyin juya halin Romania

Romania
An sami tabarbarewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin a cikin Jamhuriyyar Socialist ta Romania na ɗan lokaci, musamman a cikin shekarun 1980 na matsananciyar wahala.Ceaușescu ne ya tsara matakan tsuke bakin aljihun don biyan basussukan ƙasashen waje na ƙasar.[95 [95]] Jim kadan bayan da Ceaușescu ya yi katsalandan a jawabin da ya yi a babban birnin Bucharest wanda aka watsa ga miliyoyin mutanen Romania a gidan talabijin na gwamnati, jami'an soji masu rike da madafun iko sun sauya sheka, kusan baki daya, daga goyon bayan mai mulkin kama karya zuwa goyon bayan masu zanga-zangar.[96] Tashe-tashen hankula, tashin hankalin kan titi da kisan kai a cikin biranen Romania da yawa a cikin kusan mako guda ya jagoranci jagoran Romanian tserewa daga babban birnin a ranar 22 ga Disamba tare da matarsa, Elena.Nisan kamawa ta hanyar gaggawar tashi ta jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu ya bayyana ma'auratan a matsayin masu gudun hijira da kuma aikata laifukan da ake tuhuma.An kama su a Târgoviște, wata kotun soji ta garzaya ta gurfanar da su bisa zargin kisan kiyashi, lalata tattalin arzikin ƙasa, da kuma yin amfani da iko don aiwatar da ayyukan soji a kan al'ummar Romania.An yanke musu hukunci kan dukkan tuhume-tuhume, an yanke musu hukuncin kisa, kuma nan da nan aka kashe su a ranar Kirsimeti 1989, kuma su ne mutane na ƙarshe da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa kuma aka kashe su a Romania, saboda an soke hukuncin kisa ba da daɗewa ba.Kwanaki da dama bayan Ceaușescu ya gudu, za a kashe da yawa a rikicin da ya barke tsakanin fararen hula da jami'an soji wadanda suka yi imanin dayan 'yan ta'adda ne na Tsaro.Ko da yake rahotannin labarai a wancan lokaci da kafafen yada labarai a yau za su yi ishara da gwagwarmayar Securitat da juyin juya halin Musulunci, amma ba a taba samun wata hujja da ke tabbatar da ikirarin wani yunkuri na yaki da juyin juya hali na Securitat ba.[97] Asibitoci a Bucharest suna kula da kusan dubunnan fararen hula.[99] Bayan wa'adin, yawancin membobin Securitate sun ba da kansu a ranar 29 ga Disamba tare da tabbacin ba za a gwada su ba.[98]Romania ta yau ta bayyana a cikin inuwar Ceaușescus tare da kwaminisancinta na baya, da tashin hankalinta daga gare ta.[100] Bayan da aka hambarar da Ceaușescu, Jam'iyyar Ceto ta Kasa (FSN) ta karbi mulki cikin gaggawa, inda ta yi alkawarin zabuka cikin 'yanci da adalci cikin watanni biyar.An zabe shi cikin gagarumin rinjaye a watan Mayu mai zuwa, FSN ta sake zama jam'iyyar siyasa, ta kafa jerin sauye-sauye na tattalin arziki da dimokiradiyya, [101] tare da ƙarin canje-canjen manufofin zamantakewa da gwamnatocin baya ke aiwatarwa.[102]
1990 Jan 1 - 2001

Kasuwar Kyauta

Romania
Bayan da mulkin gurguzu ya ƙare kuma aka kashe tsohon dan mulkin gurguzu Nicolae Ceaușescu a tsakiyar juyin juya halin Romania na Disamba 1989, National Ceto Front (FSN) ta kwace mulki, karkashin jagorancin Ion Iliescu.FSN ta rikide ta zama babbar jam'iyyar siyasa cikin kankanin lokaci kuma ta yi nasara a babban zaben watan Mayun 1990, tare da Iliescu a matsayin shugaban kasa.Wadannan watanni na farko na 1990 sun kasance masu zanga-zangar adawa da zanga-zangar adawa da zanga-zanga, wanda ya shafi mafi yawan masu tayar da hankali da kuma mummunan masu hakar kwal na Jiu Valley wanda Iliescu da kansa da FSN suka kira don murkushe masu zanga-zangar lumana a dandalin jami'a a Bucharest.Daga baya, gwamnatin Romania ta ɗauki wani shiri na sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki na kasuwa kyauta da mai da hannun jari, bin layi na karatun digiri maimakon jiyya a cikin farkon farkon 1990s.An ci gaba da yin gyare-gyaren tattalin arziki, duk da cewa an sami ci gaban tattalin arziki kaɗan har zuwa shekarun 2000.Sauye-sauyen zamantakewa jim kadan bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci ya hada da sassauta takunkumin da aka yi na hana haihuwa da zubar da ciki.Daga baya gwamnatoci sun aiwatar da ƙarin canje-canjen manufofin zamantakewa.An kafa gyare-gyaren siyasa bisa sabon kundin tsarin mulkin dimokuradiyya da aka amince da shi a shekarar 1991. FSN ta rabu a waccan shekarar, ta fara lokacin gwamnatocin haɗin gwiwar da ya ci gaba har zuwa 2000, lokacin da jam'iyyar Iliecu's Social Democratic Party (sai jam'iyyar Social Democracy a Romania, PDSR, yanzu PSD). ), ya dawo mulki kuma Iliescu ya sake zama shugaban kasa, tare da Adrian Năstase a matsayin Firayim Minista.Wannan gwamnati ta fadi a zaben 2004 a sakamakon zargin cin hanci da rashawa, kuma ta samu nasara da wasu gamayyar kungiyoyin da ba su da kwanciyar hankali wadanda ake zarginsu da irin wannan zargi.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Romania ta ƙara haɗa kai tare da Yamma, ta zama memba na Ƙungiyar Yarjejeniyar Tsaro ta Arewacin Atlantic (NATO) a 2004 [103] da na Tarayyar Turai (EU) a 2007. [104]

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Regions of Romania


Regions of Romania
Regions of Romania ©Romania Tourism




APPENDIX 2

Geopolitics of Romania


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APPENDIX 3

Romania's Geographic Challenge


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Footnotes



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